Perception of Women in the Renaissance

Perception of Women in the Renaissance Perception is the point of view a person or groups of people have towards a specific idea or thought. Throughout the Renaissance, many discoveries, improvements, and realizations were made in art and literature. However, these changes did not impact the image of a woman in the Renaissance. Such as the four most important Renaissance artists depictions of women. Those artists were Leonardo, Donated, Raphael, and Michelangelo (yes these are also the popular cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, no they are not prevalent in any way shape or form other than name).In literature, poets such as Christopher Marlowe, Machiavelli, and mainly William Shakespeare discuss holy or spiritual and have mixed opinions of women (Elegance). Advancements made in that timestamp set the stage for the world in future eras to come. In addition this poses an important yet also controversial perception of the Renaissance; this perception is how successful was the Renaissa nce for women? In the Renaissance, artists' opinions had mixed results but changed frequently.Some drew and sculpted women nude to show a sense of hubris whereas others portrayed them as overweight to show shame but at the same time it could also stand for artillery because producing a child was very important at the time. Another statement made was when the political systems of Europe changed from the medieval feudal systems to a more modern-day government system, women of every social class saw a change in their social and political options that men did not.Celibacy did become the female norm and â€Å"the relations of the sexes were restructured to one of female dependency and male Package 2 domination† (Kelly 20). Women lived a more insubordinate or inferior lifestyle. Men ruled over everything, even through half a century of Queens. This perceives that omen were inferior and did achieve in the Renaissance, Just not as much as men. The Renaissance presented people with ri ch literature that paved the literary cobblestones into the environmentally sound asphalt streets used today.In literature at the time, women were viewed as the inferior gender and had roles in civilization such as; housekeeping, caring for the youth as well as sexual pleasures to men. Women's roles were limited in Renaissance life to a point where they were excluded from a leading role in public life (Women). They were not permitted to act in any of Shakespearean plays. In the event a woman character needed to be filled, a man would suffice as women were â€Å"incapable. † Famed and revered playwright William Shakespeare was noted for the writing of Macbeth, a seventeenth century play dedicated to King James.In this play , Shakespeare writes of Macbeth and his Jewell- Hyde like transformation from noble thane to bloody murderer. While the plot revolves around Macbeth and his notorious actions throughout; the attention is turned numerous times to his wife, Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is depicted by Shakespeare as an honest, good woman, but as the story moves forward she is rover to be the exact opposite of the stereotypical woman in the Renaissance era. She is well educated, serves a purpose in the household other than basic housekeeping and can openly critique her spouse.While in virtually all other homes that would be condoned as an extreme display of disrespect. Lady Macbeth is different from the average Renaissance woman in the sense that she is nobility. Shakespearean perception of Lady Macbeth creates a loophole in the statement that royalty can rise Package 3 above the commoners. However, an entire nation cannot be considered royalty or the title has no meaning. Therefore, the perception that the majority of women had a substantially less successful Renaissance then their male counterparts stands accurate.Explained in the poetry of the Renaissance, poets such as Christopher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh talk of the full lives they have ahead of t hem. Within the text, they mention the women they desire and to an extent they assume the women will willingly accept their hand and be happy. While the men are surprised in each incident at the responses they receive, it indicates their opinions towards women in the era, which is that they are superior and that women should Just do as hey wish and say no more.While the tone might seem positive, the peripheral message being sent was that men were superior and it supplements to the fact that women were not as successful or benefiting from the Renaissance. In conclusion, the artistic expression and political challenges show the opinions of women in the period. The literature explains that men were superior and that women were not as able as men were. Women were looked at as second-class citizens through the eyes of poets and playwrights in the era. With the exception of nobility which was a very mall portion of the female population.

Progressive Presidents Essay

At the start of the 19th century, a new era had begun that would forever change the course of American history. This new era was known as the Progressive era; an era of change amongst the common worker and the powerful giants of industry. Two major leaders that occupied this specific moment in time were Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. However, these prominent men had contributed much to the efforts of the progressive movement; each one had different personal views that dictated their approach. This paper attempts to compare and contrast these men’s progressive ideas apart from their actions. We will start with Woodrow Wilson, in his inaugural speech, he had addressed changes in the government to show favor towards the popular Party (Wilson, 1913). Wilson explains, by asserting that the nation desires the Party to interpret and change the nation’s designs and views. He claims that now the government and the nation’s job are to cleanse and correct the carele ssness and ills conveyed about by the country’s industrialization (Wilson, 1913). Wilson also touches on the matters that need settlement, which extends from the need to adjust the foreign tariff, the banking strategy, the industrial scheme, and the agricultural strategy. He also discusses how the government desires to protect its people’s lives with sanitary regulations, untainted food regulations, and work regulations. He stresses that there will be repairs in the financial strategy, and that â€Å"Justice, and only fairness, shall always be our motto† (Wilson, 1913). With Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive platform, he called for the direct election of United States senators, woman suffrage, reduction of the tariff, and many social reforms. Roosevelt, who served as the 26th president of the United States from the years of 1901 to 1909, he commenced on an energetic campaign as the party’s presidential candidate. A key point of his platform was the â€Å"Square Deal.† This was Roosevelt’s concept of a society based on fair business competition and increased welfare for needy Americans (Bowles, 2011). Despite Wilson’s measured successes in labor, child labor, banking, business, and farming reforms during 1914 and 1915, his New Freedom was a disappointment amongst woman and African Americans. In 1916, Wilson began pushing for a multitude of reforms that were in part motivated by the upcoming election. The reforms included the Federal Farm Loan Act, the Adamson Act, the Keating-Owen child labor law, and support for women’s suffrage. After, 1916, Wilson accepted much of Roosevelt’s New Nationalism, supporting greater federal power and regulation. However, as America soon began sending military to intervene in the war in Europe, this action ended his reform ambitions (Roosevelt, 1911). Roosevelt had his successes and failures as well. Roosevelt brought about change in the meat packing industry with the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act, which is due to the work of Upton Sinclair (Roosevelt, 1911). However, like Wilson, he would fail to achieve any changes for women and African Americans. This occurred because of growing criticism and his belief in African American inferiority. As for women, he did not bring about their right to vote. It would not be until the ratification of the 19th amendment during Woodrow Wilson’s presidency that the suffrage movement reached its goal (Roosevelt, 1911). When Roosevelt’s time in office ended, he felt his chosen predecessor, Taft, would lead the country and carry on the progressive movement. Throughout his years as president, Roosevelt increasingly disapproved of his methods, and choices. One of those choices that angered him was when Taft transferred over 1 million acres to private industry. All this came to a head when Roosevelt sought to gain the Republican nomination to run for president in the 1912 election, supersedes Taft. However, Roosevelt lost the nomination, and decided to run for president anyway by forming his own party, the Bull Moose Party. Even though Wilson became the president, he stole enough votes to make sure Taft had no change in winning (Bowles, 2011). For years to come the work, Roosevelt and Wilson in the Progressive era helped to improve American life, business and make it safe and a competitive market. These two presidents met the problems head on created by industrialization and urbanization that the government had not yet addressed. Each of them brought a slightly different approach to the concept of trusts, big business, and improving the life of the everyday person, although, they were successful in establishing new precedents in the way which the federal governm ent would regulate these new reforms. View as multi-pages

External and Internal Factors

Management is a universal concept because its principles and techniques are used all over the world, irrespective of their level of development. The basic objective of the management is the progress of people and not the direction of things. The conservative explanation of management is obtaining work done through its people, but the factual management refers to the development of people through work. The management should make the difficulties interesting and their solutions productive for the team members so that everyone can deal with these situations. Management has to provide effective leadership, promote team spirit, set in motion bilateral and multi-lateral channels of communication and enroll the participation of its people, commitment and contribution through an appropriate system of financial and non-financial incentives. Functions of Management The four basic functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The internal or external factors of an organization influence the ongoing process of an organization. They create an impact on the above-mentioned functions of the management. An impact of these internal and external factors will help in modifying the organization culture. Planning refers to designing policies and procedures to build up production or service capabilities, or to diversify its business and extend its existing capacities. Organizing refers to as the management of resources – material and immaterial. Once a plan is made, it comes to the implementation phase. Further it moves toward the leading phase. To have a desired result, creative strategy is appropriately monitored and evaluated. Globalization The combination of national economies into an international economy through various deals between the different countries along with the foreign direct investment all refers to globalization. Proper planning and organizing have to be done while planning for globalization. It involves various material and immaterial resources to be used in exchange of the interrelated processes between the borders. To understand the impact of internal and external factors, the example of AT&T is taken. American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) is the largest fixed telephone company in the United States. The American Bell Telephone Company established AT&T in 1885. According to AT&T (2007), â€Å"Today’s companies are realizing that growth abroad must be supported by corresponding IT investments† (Convergence as a global competitive driver, Para. 13). When globalization is in play, AT&T uses platforms as a planning key because organizations are seeking to maximize their voice and investments; trying to reduce their communication costs. AT&T will stay organized by integrating multiple communication channels and increasing the richness of communications to the people who need it. Integrating the companies, which are working with AT&T, will be able to arrive at decisions in shorter time and enhance their workflow. In leading in globalization, AT&T has experts who have in-depth consultancy and experience to relate technology to business quickly; this leading will keep AT&T in control by forming tighter lines with their customers, partners, and vendors. AT&T can delegate globalization responsibilities by using services they provide and distribute it through there strategists, engineers, and specialists who can help achieve their goals in globalization. Technology One of the most revolutionary technological advances of the time is the Internet. Our corporate and personal culture quickly became dependent on this technology and has influenced every other aspect of lives, but eve n more so for AT&T. Cell phone companies are racing to keep up with the growing demand from business and individual customers who want, and need, to be connected continuously. When a new technology or an up-graded version is adopted in an organization, it affects the existing planning. The new modifications have to be done so that the new technology adopted fits in and is aligned with the organization. To carry out for each of the norms of the company and to be periodically evaluated needs to be done properly. AT&T has remained on the border of technology, because of its inception in 1877 as The Bell Telephone Company, the predecessor of AT&T (AT&T, 2010). Today, these new technologies vary from IP network management to automatic speech recognition and next- generation text-to-speech products. To maintain this impressive record of innovation, takes thorough planning, and vision. AT&T is equally committed to the bond they the share with one another and their customers; their focus on technology leadership and innovation; and a culture of commitment (AT&T, 2010). These high-tech gadgets have made it possible for professionals to stay connected to work anytime, anywhere via cell phone, personal digital assistants, smart phones, and laptops. However, â€Å"using technology effectively is more than a matter of learning new skills; it also involves making judgments about when and where to apply the technology for maximum benefit† (Bateman & Snell, 2009, Para. One p. 9) Innovation  Innovative systems and processes need proper planning and organizing. The requirements of the innovative system should be properly managed and taken into consideration. Also new creative ideas should be developed in the organization and properly monitored so as to create liveliness in the organization and avoid monotony in the system. The four factors of management extensively come in to play when concerning innovation. When AT&T has a new product is being advertised there are many procedures that need to be done. First, planning on how they are going to advertise the new product can truly make or break the sales of the device. When planning a big sale, the company needs to organize how they will handle all the extra people coming in. They may need to have more people on staff and organize how they will all the extra products until they have sold them. They also need to know how to keep all the plans for the sale organized to make sure everything is done for the sale. Innovation is not new for AT&; new products and new service plans seem to come out all the time. A good manager needs to lead and control the situation and store when the business has large sales of new items. A good way that they can do this is to delegate some of the work to other employees. If the managers have the employees do tasks that they can handle it will make everything run more smoothly. Making sure that everything is ready for the sale of a new product is the manager’s job and by delegating work to others helps in making sure that everything needs to be finished in a timely manner. This is when leadership and control come in handy. Managers need to have positive leadership with their employees and control to make sure everything is done correctly. Diversity  One of the primary internal factors from the four functions of management at AT&T is the diverse demographics of its workforce. Demographics are defined as â€Å"measures of various characteristics of people who make up groups or other social units† (Bateman & Snell, 2009, Para. Three p. 56). Demographic classification categories include characteristics such as age, race, religion, gender, family size, national origin, sexual preference, income, education, and geographic location. AT&T executive acknowledge that the diversity of its workforce better enables them to meet the demands of its diverse customer base. In support of this philosophy AT&T has planned for workforce inclusion, community involvement, multicultural marketing, and supplier diversity (AT&T, 2010). To build a dynamic organization, AT&T invested 244 million in training programs and 1. 2 million in health care and retirement benefits. AT&T also supports workers union affiliations, providing avenues for workers to negotiate fair wages and benefits and actively participate collectively in negotiations (AT&T, 2010). Management is proud to lead a diverse workforce, of whom 41% is female and 38% is of ethnic origin. Reward systems are performance-based and employees are provided with opportunities to develop their professional careers through initiatives such as Talent Development Program and Accelerated Development Program. AT&T management recognizes that talented and dedicated employees can be inspired to achieve team and organizational goals (AT&T, 2010). Control of the management functions are exercised by carefully monitoring performance and implementing changes when necessary. For example, AT&T requires, and assists diverse suppliers to include global strategies, such as supporting minority, women, and disabled veterans business enterprises. Ethics Ethical dilemmas are very common these days. The management needs to take proper tools to plan and control it. The manager should possess the delegation skills that mean that he should be acquainted with the ability to get the work done by using the skills, abilities, and time of the other people. It has been quoted that â€Å"effective delegation is a vital survival skill for supervisors and managers† (Effective Delegation Skill, 2002). Managers can use delegation skills for enhancing productivity, imparting training, reducing workloads, etc. The impact of globalization requires the approval of the top management. At this level, there is a huge possibility of taking a firm decision. The guidance of state or local federal agencies is also required. When organizing, the basic tasks of the managers are to manage the planning and the monitoring phase in a way to obtain the set goals. Managers in the innovation phase can take decisions related with the new up-gradations and technologies to be used. The managers at the top level should keep a proper check on each level of the management. Every phase should be properly managed and an effective decision has to be taken at each level. References http://www.time-management-guide.com/delegation-skill.html

What are the specific laws concerning Property Rights and Car Parking Essay

What are the specific laws concerning Property Rights and Car Parking in the UK - Essay Example All those who share common interests in the shared property should be aware there are three different types of 'free hold titles'. The first being a "fee simple free-hold title" simply stating what the complete interest in regards to the specific real estate can be. If said clients have a fee-simple free-hold title' then it entitles them to "unrestricted enjoyment of the property (subject to any relevant laws) including the right to dispose of property in any manner they see fit. This is also known as fee-simple absolution" http://www.consumerbuild.org. If residents possess a 'free-title life estate' then their rights will be limited in regards to the proposed property due to the understanding that they would not be the sole owner but considered a beneficiary instead. Finally, we come to the final type of 'free-hold title' which is "free-hold title stratum estate". It would seem that the developers of Rural Retreats and the investors deeds are similarly related in some respects to th is lease amend even though they have actual titles of ownership. What makes them similar is the fact that stratum estate, "records ownership of common property. The owners, (being the realtors and investors) s hare ownership of the common property. The owners become shareholders in the main property holding company that manages common areas such as; a garden, pool, garage, parking space, lifts and laundries." http://www.consumerbuild.org. For Rural Retreats and the purchaser's of the development, their common property shared would be, "Easy Access". They have the right to even sell or lease out their percentage in the parking area otherwise known as, "Easy Access". Although the homeowners and Rural Retreats have individually acquired these titles, they will not protect them from any problems arising out of "Easy Access", due to the fact that the register didn't implement any statute of ownership in the title for the parking area itself. There are ways around this though and they are legal and very easily taken care of. If Rural Retreats and the owners where to leave the present situation this way they would have no protection for themselves, in other words there is no proof of ownership in reality. Title insurance is available for any said property not disclosed in the title registry. Having the insurance will offer the protection needed to insure the owner's interests in the property from being encroached upon under differing and abnormal circumstances "The coverage is for as long as you own the land and it's a 'no fault' insurance so it is not necessary to prove intent or negligence by another party" http://www.consumer.org . Furthermore, after researching this problem more thoroughly for Rural Estates' and the various purchaser's involved, they all need to be completely clear to the fact that although they each share a free title to their share of said property; it is in a restricted way. The title restriction they all face is a "covenant" type one. This is due to the fact they all share sections of the same property and in regards to that there might be instances w here they cross over on one another's private sections of property. Also, the "covenant" seems to be a restrictive one in the fact that at the initial drawing up of the titles' it was implemented that "a prohibition against using the land for commercial purposes or further building" would not be tolerated. The property would remain exactly as it claims to be, 'a parking area for the residents of Rural Retreats' titled, "Easy Access". http://www.propertyworldme.com. Another detail that Rural Estate realtors and investors need to recognize

QS-9000 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

QS-9000 - Research Paper Example The current trends in the supply chain management have shifted from the traditional enterprise boundaries to incorporate different companies in the supply network. Indeed, the three biggest automotive makers in the world, the General Motors, the Chrysler and the Ford came together to develop a supply network that would ensure customer satisfaction and process control in the automobile industry referred to as the QS-9000. This paper looks at the provisions of the QS-9000 and the benefits of automobile suppliers adopting the standards. In order to answer find out this, this paper will look at the history and the development of the QS 9000. It will look at the steps required for an organization to be certified as QS 9000 compliant. The various requirements of the organizations under QS 9000 will be discussed in detail while finally the paper will look at the benefits of organizations that are compliant with the standards. According to Hoyle (1996), quality system requirements 9000 (QS 9 000) refers to an international quality management system standards for the automotive industry. They were originally developed by and meant for the â€Å"Big Three† automobile giant companies in the American motor world which are  Daimler Chrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Corporation. The QS 9000 was in line with the 1994 ISO-9001 Standards whixch embraced customer satisfaction and process control. According to the QS 9000, all suppliers in the automotive world are required to be quality sensitive and adhere to high quality production materials, quality production of motor spare parts, heat treatment and professionalism, in plating and painting of the automobiles (Chrysler Corporation, et al., 2009). The QS 9000 is divided into three sections that include all the twenty ISO 9001 elements, including a number of automotive requirements. Secondly, the systems requirements, which are defined by the â€Å"Big Three† automobile companies, meant for their own use referred to as â€Å"Additional requirements† and lastly, the customer specific requirements r-that which are unique to every individual manufacturer of cars or trucks (Kanholm, 1995). Kanholm, (1995) outlines a number of activities that are carried out by the QS 9000 include Quality Systems Assessment which is involved in making sure that products are safe and efficiently serves the purpose for which they were intended. Advanced Product Quality Planning and Control Plan is referred to as a framework that involves procedures and techniques that are used to develop goods and products in a particular industry, especially in the automotive industry. It is the process for development of system products for General Motors, Chrysler and Ford and including their suppliers (Kanholm, 1995). Production Part Approval Process is used for establishing confidence in component suppliers and the process they follow in production by making sure that the supplier properly und erstands all specification requirements and customer design records. It ensures that the process possesses the capability to make production that meets the requirements by the customers (Borror, 2009). Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis on its part involve reviewing any possible components, assemblies and subsystems to identify failure modes, their causes and effects. Measurement Systems

What is the difference between imperialism and colonialims Essay

What is the difference between imperialism and colonialims - Essay Example These raw materials were then to be crafted into finished products that the colonies must then buy from the home nation. The focus of the home nation under colonialism is settlement and establishment of colonies in areas that provided economic advantages. All they expect from the colonies is a steady flow of raw goods and fixed export markets for those same finished goods. Imperialism is different in that the goal in establishing an empire is political as well as economic. The goal of imperialism is to make other nations or territories conform to an ideology that is supported at the imperial center. In colonialism, the interaction and focus of power is in the colonies. Imperialism involves the conquest of lands on the periphery of the empire, subjugating them to the ideology that emanates from the center of the empire. While colonialism and imperialism both have economic advantages for the home nation or center of power, imperialism gains this advantage through forced conformity to an ideology while colonialism creates this advantage through economic, not political

The Economic Role of R & D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Economic Role of R & D - Essay Example However, behind all these, Canada seems to have been a very quiet spectator seeming lagging on the development bandwagon. The country seems to have been a very quite neighbour, dwarfed by the gigantic research and development machinery of the United States. Sancton1 abhors the seemingly backwardness and lack of initiative on the Canadian government to invest in research and development comparing the cities’ innovations that are left wanting as well as the seemingly lack of political will to support such investments that will lead to economic development. However, it is quite unfair to match the two nations evenly since there is a large difference between the dollars allotted by Americans to research and development than Canadians. Hence, it is only fair for any country with lesser resources to allocate these much more intelligently and therefore focus of the much needed improvements that are essential for the betterment of their constituents. Thus, even governments and non-pro fit organizations have adopted the use of the balanced scorecard (BSC) postulated by Kaplan and Norton in order to be able to have a more strategically planned allocation of these resources. Of course these institutions work on a limited funding whereby there are the limitations of taxes and grants respectively2. Hence, in light of the aforementioned limitations, Canada cannot go toe-to-toe with its giant neighbour in terms of research spending. However, as Clark brings forward, the country has more consciously focused their research efforts in order to have more impact and to be able to bring in more economic developments given the limited amount of funding available3. A Parallel Flux There has been an increasingly similarity though on the forces that affect the two countries. The impact of the forces has steadily been having the same effect on the US and Canada whereby there has been an increasing similarity in the responses of the two countries as the effects of such forces affec t the two countries in almost the same way. However, as mentioned, the capability of the latter seem wanting as compared to the former4. Indeed, Canada needs to step up on the research and development area since the competition globally has likewise become stiffer. Of course Canadians will want to enjoy the same economic prosperity by the other countries, especially its peers among the advanced economies. There have been improvements that have crept at towards the close of the last century5. However, these changes have not moved fast when the speed of the global economy shifted to a higher gear when the technological innovations kicked in during the past decade. Indeed, the only effect of the housing crisis of the US in Canada was the dampening in the demand for housing needs, particularly lumber, which goes to show the extent to the disparity between the neighbouring economies. Focused Improvement In effect, the country has to really focus its efforts to improve their research and technology. Basically, economics is about allocating scarce resources and Canada knows that compared to its giant neighbour, their resources are indeed lacking. However, research truly involves more than funding since it also involves the intelligence of researchers and of course their creativity which cannot always be calibrated. But, given the realities, the

The Unification of Nature and Man in Jack Turners Metaphor of Pelicans Essay

The Unification of Nature and Man in Jack Turners Metaphor of Pelicans - Essay Example The metaphor then becomes a unification of how men naturally are, as opposed to observing these as nature that is outside of those who are observing the birds. The observations that Turner makes about the pelican are related to specific attributes and parts of the character that this bird holds and which others don’t. Turner not only uses this to imply specific aspects of the bird from the natural perspective. There is also a connection to the descriptions and the desires which the author has to have these same attributes. Turner describes specific details about the pelicans, while leaving others out, specifically to show how these relate to the natural elements of men. The first concept which shows this is when Turner tells about the pelican in flight. â€Å"So although 19,000 feet is impressive, and no one knows how high pelicans can or do fly, the most interesting question is this: What are they doing up there? Soaring. Cackling. Yes, but why? I don’t think anybody knows, and this mystery, along with inevitable speculations, are a large part why I find them so appealing†. This particular passage is one that is only describing the nature of pelicans and the high flight which they take. However, Turner grabs onto this notion as one that is filled with mystery and an attribute that no other bird has. This becomes a metaphor for what the author desires, specifically because of the appeal which he has when describing this component of the pelican. This also links to the attributes which the author believes that every human has. The mystery as well as the ideal of being able to fly to places where others can’t find the birds becomes the desire which Turner also longs for. and believes is a natural human element that all have. Another application which Turner adds in when describing the birds is with the sounds that they make. This is first described with the sound and absence of sound that the birds have when they are in breeding season or when applying this to other aspects of their natural habitat. Turner states that this is not heard as often and is difficult to observe because of the mystery of the birds and the desire to stay away from humans. There is another reference which goes beyond this to show how the pelicans are quiet and when observed have different sounds that are distinguished. Turner takes the concept of the sounds that are with the birds and relates it to another attribute that he finds appealing. â€Å"The silence of pelicans, along with their great age, contributes to their dignity† (838). These types of statements show how the natural elements of the pelican relate directly to the fascination of the author. More important , it becomes a metaphor that creates a desire in the author to be similar to the pelicans and the dignity in which they have. The Pelican as Metaphor The concept of the pelican is one which Turner changes from description into recognition that there is a reflection of the human spirit in the pelican. The attributes and the way in which the pelicans live is one which is similar to what humans long for. The metaphor becomes one of what humans long for and is a reflection of their spirit. Turner states that the pelican becomes a metaphor

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Annotated Bibliography Example The method that has been used by the author is order to conduct the research is the case study with an authentic usage of parallelism. There are many cases and facts that have been brought to life by the author. The reason behind using this source for the paper is because it reveals many important reasons behind the development and transitions between older and modern communities. The second source taken for the purpose of research work is one that has been cited by various researchers. It is mainly because the source makes use of a wide array of cases, chronology, illustrations that indicate the readers about the history of Europe during 1648 till 1815. The objective of the source is to discuss the main conflicts that were noted or observed during the selected period. The religious factors, societal aspects and economic decline are the highlights of the book. The authors of the book have rather become the reason for high credibility of the book because they are well informed and professional able in the field of

Is Anatomy Destiny Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is Anatomy Destiny - Research Paper Example Secondly, the paper will examine maleness and femaleness in the society and critically explore whether individuals should be tied to the gender they are assigned in the society. There are several factors usually present at birth that are used to determine the sex of an individual at birth which include the presence or absence of a Y chromosome, the type of gonads, sex hormones, the internal reproductive anatomy and the anatomy of the external genitalia (Kalat 122). Genetically, males and females are different where males have an X and a Y chromosome whereas Females have two X chromosomes .Immediately after conception, the male and female embryos are indistinguishable except for their differences in chromosomes where the male embryo has a Y chromosome. The Y chromosome triggers the production of testosterone and other androgen/male hormones which cause the embryo to develop testes and a penis instead of developing ovaries and a uterus. Biological psychologists regard gender identity a nd role as arising from biological processes and the differences between the two sexes where men and women act, feel and think differently because of the differences regarding how their brain works which is brought about by chromosomal and hormonal differences (Kalat 341). The male hormones (androgens make the male brain to develop and work differently from the female brain and this accounts for the differences in behavior between men and women for instance men are more aggressive than women Males and females produce different sex hormones (androgens for males and oestrogens for females) in varying quantities that not only affects their physiology e.g. menstrual cycle in females but also has a bearing on their behavior. For instance, testosterone which is produced in greater quantities in men has a great influence on the behaviors that is prominent in males. A research has shown that violent offenders and recidivists (those with a tendency of reoffending) have higher amounts of test osterone than nonviolent offenders. Women have higher levels of oxytocin which is associated with the behavior of women being more sociable than men in the society whereas men are generally seen to be more aggressive. Financial traders with higher levels of testosterone were also seen to take greater risks which are also in agreement with the fact that most entrepreneurs are male (Pettman 294). On the other hand, the issue of gender identity and gender roles is a social construct not a matter of differences in sex. Beauvoir considers the various myths used to paint women as a second gender in different societies. She strongly criticizes these myths terming them as dubious analogies and pseudo-thinking form of philosophy (Beauvoir 49). Social factors contribute to once gender roles and performance since the social influences start playing a big role in the child’s development immediately the baby is born. Parents and the society play a role in teaching and shaping of gender ty ped behaviors in boys and girls as early as they are born. They encourage specific gender –typed behaviors that bring about gender-appropriate activities as much as discouraging cross-gender activities

Relationship between Mind and Body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relationship between Mind and Body - Essay Example Similarly, the paper discusses whether one is more significant than the other is in a human life. Descartes talks about a possible existence of material outside God and the Self. Accordingly, the author holds that the existence of such objects is only possible because God creates them. Therefore, the author postulates that the materials exist because they relate to pure mathematics. It because Descartes believes that God makes what he thinks in the way it is. Similarly, nothing is impossible for God to create unless someone does not understand a thing (Descartes, Meditation VI: about the existence of Material things from the Body). Consequently, after discovering the possibility of the existence of the objects, the author then turns to the presence of mental pictures as evidence. Therefore, he distinguishes perception and imagination. Accordingly, he asserts that creativity refers to the capacity of knowledge to the body that is immediately present to it, without conception or intellection (Descartes, Meditations, 6), which prevails as a mental image. Understanding is not automatically a picture. He applies an example, that when he has a mental image of a triangle, he does not just perceive it to be a figure with three lines; he says he looks at the lines as if they were present to the mental eye. Therefore, that is what Descartes calls a mental picture. Descartes gives priority to the mind than the body. It is because the mind controls the body. In other words, the body only responds to whatever the mind perceives, conceives, and accepts as reality.  

Rhetoric and Copper Rivets Essay Example for Free

Rhetoric and Copper Rivets Essay Levi’s have been very popular for many years, and their target audiences are young people and blue-collar workers. In the ad image, it also shows clearly about how it is strong by emphasizing the copper rivets which is a part of important elements for Levi’s jeans for making it more tough and rugged. Therefore, the intended audiences will be blue-collar workers and people who like to have long lasting clothing. Question: What do you see as the writer’s purpose? To explain? Inform? Anger? Persuade? Amuse? Motivate? Sadden? Ridicule? Is there more than one purpose? Does the purpose shift at all throughout the text? Of course, the writer wants to sell Levi’s products to the readers by showing the advantages of Levi’s jeans such as emphasizing the copper rivets and having a good concept of design image which showing the copper material of the rivets and that person’s right hand surgical plate by using X-ray. Overall, the writer just keeps selling Levi’s products’ functions and usability. Question: Can you identify the rhetorical appeals as of this piece of writing (ethos, logos, pathos)? What would you add or omit to make the rhetorical appeals more effective? Ethos: Levi’s is a famous brand in the world because their products are tough, rugged and dependable since 1853, and they have kept designing different styles of jeans and clothes. Logos: The logo is recognizable by using red. The image shows the jean is using copper rivets which use same or similar material as the right hand’s surgical plate and make the pockets to be more rugged and dependable. Pathos: Levi’s has tried to keep making and improving different types and styles of their products which adopt different kinds and ages of people. Also, their tough, rugged and dependable products show the power, energy and comfort to people.

Analysis Of Rayleigh Step Bearings Biology Essay

Analysis Of Rayleigh Step Bearings Biology Essay According to importance and application of slider bearings in industries, investigation and analysis of this type of bearings are significant and inevitable issue. A widely used bearing type is the slider bearings with application in many cases such as different types of engines, compressors, turbines, electric motors and electric generators. To ensure that no contact occurs between the opposing surfaces, the dimensions of the bearing surface are chosen, such that a lubricant film of sufficient thickness is available under all operating conditions. The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication assumes that the inertia forces in the fluid film are negligible. For large bearings using low kinematic viscosity lubricant or for high speed, the inertia forces could be important. So the inertia terms should be entered in the calculations. This increases the accuracy of obtained responses and closes them to reliable results. Rayleigh bearing is designed in 1918 by Lord Rayleigh. He was first person who considered the concept of optimization design in lubrication applications and obtained an optimum design for an infinite-length stepped bearing by the use of a variation technique (Lord Rayleigh, 1918). Since then, there have been some studies on the characteristics of step bearings. Dowson (1962) introduced the generalized Reynolds equation, which allows for cross-film temperature variations. Then, this equation solved with realistic THD boundary conditions by Ezzat and Rohde (1973) using the finite difference method. Boncompain, et al. (1986) improved the numerical model by considering reverse flow, fluid-film rupture and elastic deformations (THD solution). Auloge et al. (1983) studied the optimum design of Rayleigh step bearing and determined the relationships between step location and height along with non-Newtonian lubricants. The same method was used by Fillon and Khonsari (1996) in tracing design c harts for tilting-pad journal bearings. Jianming and Gaobing (1989) have presented the optimum design of one-dimensional Rayleigh step bearing with non-Newtonian lubricants. Tello (2003) has theoretically studied the regularity of the solution to the Reynolds equation in Rayleigh step type bearings for both compressible and incompressible fluids by employing a rigorous mathematical approach. Besides, there are many research works in which the well known Reynolds equation was solved by different numerical schemes in predicting the lubricant pressure field in step bearings (Hideki, 2005; Dobrica and Fillon, 2005). Rahmani et al. (2009) comprehensively studied the Rayleigh step slider bearing including the effect of variations of pressure at the boundaries on the optimum parameters. The bearing is also optimized considering the lubricant flow rate, friction force and friction coefficient. In all of the above studies, the Reynolds equation was solve as the governing equation for calculation of lubricant pressure distribution in bearing lubricant flow. This equation is a simplified form of the momentum equation by neglection of fluid inertia terms. It is clear that under the condition of low lubricant viscosity and high runner surface velocity, this equation may lead to unreliable results. In the present study which a numeric one, the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes and energy equations are solved by CFD method with considering the variation of lubricant viscosity with temperature. By this technique the THD characteristics of Rayleigh slider bearings running under different steady conditions are explored. 2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION The schematic and coordinate system of Rayleigh slider bearing is shown in Fig. 1. The bottom wall of the step bearing moves with constant velocity U (runner velocity). The sudden change in film thickness generates a hydrodynamic pressure field that supports an applied load W. At the inlet section, the oil film is entered at 40oC with combination of Poiseuille and Couette flows. The total length of the bearing is and the film thicknesses before and after the step location are and , respectively. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSgeometryasli.wmf Fig. 1: Sketch of problem geometry Two important geometrical factors in step bearings are (1) (2) In these explanations, and represents the bearing length ratio and the bearing height ratio, respectively, which are two important bearing geometrical factors. 3. THEORY 3.1. Governing equations For lubricant flow in bearings, the governing equations which are written for a two-dimensional, steady, incompressible, laminar and variable viscosity flow consist of the continuity, Navier-Stokes and energy equations. These equations in non-dimensional forms can be written as: (3) (4) (5) (6) Where and represent the dimensionless viscous source terms: (7) (8) And is the dimensionless viscous dissipation term: (9) Also the dimensionless oil viscosity based on Vogel equation can be calculated as follows: (10) In this expression, is the temperature-viscosity coefficient of the lubricant. The value of can is determined using two given viscosity values at and as follows (Khonsari and Booser, 2008): (11) In equations 3 to 9, the following non-dimensional groups are used: (12) In these definitions, is the thermal diffusivity of the lubricant and is the inlet lubricant viscosity. The main physical quantities of interest in lubrication study are the load capacity and friction force that can be computed using the lubricant velocity and temperature fields. The load capacity of the step bearing per unit width is obtained by further integration of lubricant pressure distribution on the runner surface as follows: (13) The friction force of the step bearing per unit width is calculated by the shear stress on the bottom wall as follows: (14) Where: (15) 3.2. Boundary conditions The entire domain is fully flooded, such that oil pressure at the inlet and outlet sections of the bearing is set to zero atmospheric gauge pressure. Also the no-slip condition is employed on all boundary solid walls. At the inlet section, oil enters into bearing with uniform temperature of and a specified velocity distribution which is a combination of the poiseulle and cuette flows whose pressure gradient is determined by numerical solution of the Reynolds equation. At the outlet section, zero axial gradients for all dependent variables are employed. Finally, the adiabatic condition is imposed on all of the bearing solid surfaces. 4. SOLUTION PROCEDURE Finite difference forms of the continuity, momentum and energy equations were obtained by integrating over an elemental cell volume with staggered control volumes for the x- and y- velocity components. Other variables of interest were computed at the grid nodes. The nondimensionalized governing equations were discretized by using the hybrid scheme and numerically solved by the SIMPLE algorithm of Patankar and Spalding (Patankar and Spalding, 1972). Numerical solutions were obtained iteratively by the line-by-line method progressing in axial direction. The iterations were terminated when the sum of the absolute residuals was less than for each equation. Numerical calculations were performed by writing a computer program in FORTRAN. mesh asli11 Fig. 2: A schematic of grid generation As shown in figure 2, the computational domain is divided into three blocks, each having Nx points in x-direction and Ny points in y-direction. The mesh is non-uniform in x- and y- directions, because the grid refinement around the step is necessary to capture the occurrence of the recirculation and other flow changes due to the sudden change in geometry. As the result of grid tests for obtaining the grid-independent solutions, an optimum grid is determined in grid study. Five different numbers of grid size inside the total rectangular computational domain including the blocked-off region with their related numerical results are listed in Table 1. According to this grid study, an optimum grid of 640120 is used in all of the subsequent test cases. Table 1: Grid independent study, Grid size Bearing friction force (KN/m) Bearing load capacity (KN/m) 45080 0.231 16.45 540110 0.217 17.17 590110 0.231 17.48 640120 0.239 17.51 680140 0.241 17.52 5. VALIDATION OF NUMERICAL RESULTS To test the validity of the present numerical results, computations were carried out for a test case and the computed results were compared with the theoretical findings by other investigators. The lubricant pressure distribution on the bottom wall and the temperature distribution on the top wall of the Hideki bearing (Hideki, 2005) are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayervalidation with Ogata(temprature)Plot validation with OgataCJS.wmf Fig. 3: Lubricant pressure distribution on the bottom wall of the Hideki bearing (Hideki, 2005), The generated hydrodynamic pressure by the sudden contraction in flow domain is clearly seen in Fig. 3, such that at the entrance of narrow gap of the bearing, the maximum lubricant pressure occurs, and at the inlet and outlet sections, lubricant flow in at atmospheric pressure (zero gauge pressure). D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayervalidation with Ogata(temprature)Plot validation with OgataCJS temp.wmf Fig. 4: Temperature distribution on the top wall of the Hideki bearing (Hideki, 2005), Fig. 4 shows that the lubricant temperature increases along the flow direction because of the viscous dissipation in both domains upstream and downstream of the step. Such that, the rate of temperature increase in upstream region to the step is very greater than that is in downstream domain. It is due to this fact that the viscous dissipation in lubricant flow with small film thickness is high in comparison to lubricant flow with large film thickness. However, good consistencies are observed between the present numerical results with theoretical findings by Hideki (Hideki, 2005) about computations of both lubricant pressure and temperature distributions. 6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION In this research work, the THD characteristics of Rayleigh step bearings are obtained by numerical solution of the Navier-Stocks and energy equations using the CFD technique. An attempt is made for obtaining the effects of important parameters including the runner surface velocity, bearing length ratio and bearing height ratio on thermal and hydrodynamic behaviors of Rayleigh step bearings. All of the subsequent figures are about a Rayleigh step bearing whose properties and geometrical parameters are given in Table 2. Table 2: Bearing parameters and lubricant properties Parameters Units Values in present work b m 0.08-0.12 h1  µm 480 U m/s 10-30 Tin 40 Ï  860 Cp 2000 Kf 0.13  µ at 40 C 0.03  µ at 100 C 0.0045 0.28-0.98 1.2-2.5 First the oil flow pattern inside the bearing is shown in figure 5 by plotting the fluid velocity vectors. The adverse pressure gradient in the upstream flow domain before the step location which leads to hydrodynamic pressure generation causes a concave shape for velocity distribution. Such that the velocity distribution changes to convex shape after the step where there is a favorable pressure gradient. Behind the step surface near to the stationary wall, a circulated flow domain happens which is due to the effects of both viscous friction and positive pressure gradient in this region. As another result that can be seen from Fig. 5, one can notice to almost stationary flow region in block 1 (see Fig. 2). Therefore, the lubricant average velocity across blocks 2 and 3 remains approximately constant. C:UserszahraDesktopUntitled.png Fig. 5: Velocity vectors in step bearing lubricant flow, In Fig. 6, the lubricant pressure distributions along the bottom wall at five different values for the runner surface velocity are shown. It is seen that the velocity of moving surface has considerable effect on the value of generate hydrodynamic lubricant pressure, such that oil pressure has an increase trend by increase in velocity under a unique pattern. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of PKcompare of speed runner.pkspeed runner.wmf Fig. 6: Effect of runner surface velocity on lubricant pressure distribution along the bottom wall, A similar study is done for investigating the effect of runner velocity on thermal behaviour of step bearing in Fig. 7. It is seen in this figure that bearings with high runner surface velocity operate under high temperature condition. Besides, it is depicted in Fig. 7 that in both domains before and after the step, lubricant temperature increases along the flow direction because of the viscous dissipation. Also, it is seen that the oil temperature at the outlet section is affected strongly by the runner velocity, such that the bearings with high velocity have high temperature lubricant flow at their outlet sections. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of TPcompare speed of runner.TpTshaftTshaft.wmf Fig. 7: Effect of runner surface velocity on lubricant temperature distribution along the bottom wall, D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of PKcompare of epsilonepsilon.wmf Fig. 8: Effect of bearing length ratio on lubricant pressure distribution along the runner surface, The lubricant pressure distributions along the runner surface at four different values of the bearing length ratios are illustrated in Fig. 8. It is evident that the location of maximum pressure moves toward the downstream side by increasing in bearing length ratio, because the step location moves toward this sense when increases. Besides, it can be found from Fig. 8 that there is an optimum value for bearing length ratio to obtain the most value for lubricant maximum hydrodynamic pressure. It is depicted in Fig. 8 that this value for bearing length ratio in this test case is. Therefore, is an important parameter in step bearings that has great effects on lubricant pressure and consequently in bearing load capacity. The effect of bearing length ratio of thermal behavior of step bearing is studied in Fig. 9 by plotting the lubricant temperature distributions on the runner surface for bearings with different length ratios. This figure shows that the effect of on temperature distribution is less than its effect of the hydrodynamic lubricant pressure. However, this figure depicts that bearings with length ratio greater that run cooler than the bearings with small less than. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of TPcompare of epsilonCompare Tshaft of epsilonTshaft.wmf Fig. 9: Effect of bearing length ration on lubricant temperature distribution along the runner surface, The variations of lubricant maximum pressure and temperature with bearing length ratio are presented in Fig. 10. This figure reveals the same trends for THD characteristics of step bearing those have been shown in the previous figures. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Epsilon moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of ep.P.T.wmf Fig. 10: Variations of lubricant maximum pressure and lubricant maximum temperature with bearing length ratio, In order to study more about the effect of bearing length ratio on THD characteristics of step bearings, the variations of bearing load capacity and friction force with are plotted in Fig. 11. This figure presents that there is a maximum value for load capacity that takes place at =0.718. Besides, it is revealed from Fig. 11 that in bearings with high length ratio, low friction force exists in comparison to bearings with small values for . D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Epsilon moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of ep.w.f.wmf Fig. 11: Variations of load capacity and friction force with bearing length ratio, Similar study is also done for investigating the effect of bearing height ratio on THD characteristics of step bearings by plotting the lubricant pressure and temperature distributions and also the variations of load capacity and friction force with various values of the parameter . According to Figs. 12 and 13, it is revealed that the values of lubricant pressure and temperature increase by increasing in bearing height ratio. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of PKcompare of ksiksi.wmf Fig. 12: Effect of bearing height ratio on lubricant pressure distribution along the runner surface, D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of TPcompare of ksiCompare Tshaft of kesiTshaft.wmf Fig. 13: Effect of bearing height ration on lubricant temperature distribution along the runner surface, This behavior is also presented by Fig. 14 in which the variations of maximum lubricant pressure and temperature are plotted with bearing height ratio. It is seen that both and have increasing trends with increase in the value of , such that the rate of increase in maximum temperature is greater than that is in maximum pressure. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Kesi moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of ksi.P.T.wmf Fig. 14: Variations of lubricant maximum pressure and lubricant maximum temperature with bearing height ratio, Fig. 15 shows a similar trend for bearing load capacity and friction force with the variation of height ratio. Such that it is seen in this figure that both load capacity and friction force increase with increasing in bearing height ratio. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Kesi moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of ksi.W.F.wmf Fig. 15: Variations of load capacity and friction force with bearing height ratio, In the following figures, an attempt is made to verify the influences of bearing length, b, on the THD characteristics of step bearings. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of PKcompare of length bearingcpmpare b.wmf Fig. 16: Effect of bearing length on lubricant pressure distribution along the bottom wall, D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Lenght moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)TshaftTshaft.wmf Fig. 17: Effect of bearing length on lubricant temperature distribution along the bottom wall, It is seen from Figs. 16 to 19 that in long bearings, the values of lubricant pressure and temperature and consequently the amounts of maximum pressure and temperature are high that leads to have high bearing load capacity and bearing friction force. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Lenght moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of length.p,T.without point.wmf Fig. 18: Variations of lubricant maximum pressure and lubricant maximum temperature with bearing length, D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Lenght moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of length.w,f.without point.wmf Fig. 19: Variations of load capacity and friction force with bearing length, 7. CONCLUSION This paper deals a numerical study for investigating the THD characteristics of Rayleigh step bearings running under different steady conditions. The set of governing equations consisting of the Navier-Stokes and energy equations is solved by the CFD technique and the variation of lubricant viscosity with temperature is also considered into account. This mathematical model and numerical method lead to more accurate numerical results in comparison to those obtained before by other investigation with numerical solution of the Reynolds equation that neglects the fluid inertia terms. It is found that the thermal and hydrodynamic behaviors of step bearing are affected considerably by the runner surface velocity and the bearing geometrical factors. Nomenclature B bearing length dimensionless velocity components upstream bearing length load capacity of bearing downstream bearing length horizontal and vertical coordinates Cp heat capacity dimensionless coordinates friction force of bearing upstream film thickness Greek symbols downstream film thickness friction coefficient step height modified friction coefficient Kf thermal conductivity dynamic viscosity width of bearing dimensionless dynamic viscosity origin of coordinate  µ1 dynamic viscosity at pressure  µ2 dynamic viscosity at pressure at the inlet kinematic viscosity pressure at the outlet density dimensionless pressure shear stress Pr Prandtl number Pe Peclet number Subscripts Re Reynolds number fluid Temperature inlet Tin inlet temperature maximum dimensionless temperature surface runner velocity velocity components

Muscle Training Intervention in Heart Failure Article Review

Muscle Training Intervention in Heart Failure Article Review Principles of Research in Nursing Practice A Critical Appraisal of Padula, C. A., Yeaw, E. and Mistry, S. (2009) A home-based nurse-coached inspiratory muscle training intervention in heart failure. Applied Nursing Research, 22: 18-25. Guidelines by Burns and Grove (2011) form the basis of this appraisal. Statement of the problem purpose of the study Padula et al. (2009) begin by discussing the clinical problem that led to the research being conducted. Disabling dyspnoea in heart failure (HF) is affecting patients’ quality of life. Impaired inspiratory muscle function has been recognised as a potential source of dyspnoea in HF. The purpose of the research emerges logically from the clinical problem which is to determine the effectiveness of an inspiratory muscle training intervention (IMT) on dyspnoea and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The purpose of the study is directly linked to the clinical problem because the experimental hypothesis; if upheld may facilitate improved therapies for HF patients. Literature Review This section is clearly defined and well organised. A review of the abstracts for the eight sources cited in the ‘IMT in HF’ section denotes that all are relevant primary data-based studies. There are only two sources cited within 5 years of the acceptance date for publication. Sources should be current (Burns Grove, 2011). The researchers fail to acknowledge whether a systematic search strategy was exercised (Moule Goodman, 2009). Furthermore, the investigators may have found additional sources if they had included theoretical literature. Padula et al. (2009) paraphrase the knowledge gleaned from each source and form a critique of the overall methodology used in these studies. Three of the studies did not employ a control group; this decision may have threatened their capacity to infer causal relationships. In the RCTs, sample sizes were small and effect sizes were not published. Consequently, the ability to detect differences in outcomes between groups was compromised (Seers Critelton, 2001). The literature review identifies gaps in the knowledge base which builds a case for the present study. Padula et al. (2009) report that further research is necessary to determine the precise intensity of IMT. Study Design Sample There is ambiguity regarding the study design as the researchers refer to the study as an RCT on two occasions. On closer inspection, the study does not meet the criteria for this classification as complete experimental control is not possible (CASP, 2014). The study is a two-group quasi-experiment with pre- and post-test design (Hek Moule, 2006). This design is appropriate to address the research question. Although participants are assigned to groups with equal probability, the method selected (i.e. coin toss) is not entirely appropriate for small sample sizes (i.e. n=31) because it may lead to imbalance between the size of the experimental group and control group. Schulz Grimes (2002) explain that when a succession of tails or heads is thrown, it is tempting for the researchers to modify the results. This may result in subtle differences between groups. A more sophisticated method would be to use computer generated random numbers (Crombie, 2005). RCTs are conducted in research units to ensure greater control over extraneous variability. The present study was conducted in patients’ homes. The research population was stable HF patients without coexisting pulmonary disease or cognitive impairment. The sampling method is nonprobability convenience because the researchers recruited participants by means of newspaper advertisements and physicians’ offices (Clark-Carter, 2001). This method may have excluded patients who did not visit their physician on a regular basis. The article fails to include a power analysis; a test to assess the study’s ability to detect significant differences. The researchers acknowledge that the sample was small (n=31). An effect size for IM strength was reported (d=0.48). Data Collection The data collection methods are appropriate for measuring the dependent variables (Padula et al. 2009). Test-retest reliability values are documented for the following measures: PI max, the Borg scale (1982), and self-efficacy. These values should be documented for all data collection methods (Burns Grove, 2011). This useful statistical test is a measure of the stability of the scores elicited over time (Sim Wright, 2000). A Chronbach’s alpha score was only documented for one of the measures. This statistical test measures internal consistency; i.e. how confident are we that the individual items in a scale are accurately measuring the same construct (Clark-Carter, 2001). The article reports that the research assistants followed a specified protocol, however this is not provided in the report. The article should document all the steps taken to reduce errors during the data collection process (Burns Grove, 2011). For example, it is unknown whether steps were taken to reduce user error in taking physiological measurements such as respiratory pattern. Measurements were taken at spaced intervals (i.e. weeks 1, 3, 6, 9 12); this design feature strengthens our confidence in the findings. Mention should be made here of the possibility of demand effects; the notion that participants may have modified their responses on the Borg scale to match the expectations of the study (McCambridge et al. 2012). Analysis The inferential analyses (ANOVA) conducted are appropriate for the type of data collected (Ratio/interval and ordinal; Dancey Reidy, 2011). Post hoc analyses were used to detect the location of the differences in two of the dependent variables; a best practice approach. A table showing all mean scores including significance levels for each dependent variable would be beneficial to the reader. A significant difference was detected for IMT strength in the experimental group (p Discussion The key findings are clearly stated and are consistent with previous literature. The researchers offer an alternative explanation to account for why a significant improvement in IM strength and dyspnoea in the IMT group was found. Participants may have become accustomed to the technique of generating high maximal inspiratory pressures; this is referred to as the training effect. This is a confounding variable that could compromise the internal validity of the study. The researchers account for why the secondary aim of the study was not met. The measurement for self-efficacy (the CSES) was inadequate for the purpose it was intended for. The researchers acknowledge the study’s limitations – the relatively small sample size (n=31). The strict inclusion criteria effects external validity as the findings cannot be generalised to patients with HF and coexisting COPD which is prominent in the population. This is acknowledged as a potential source of error. The study contributes to an evidence base for the use of IMT as an additional treatment for stable HF and provides recommendations for future research. Word count: 1100 References Borg, G. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Science in Sports and Exercise, 14 (5): 377-381. Burns, N. and Grove, S. K. (2011) Understanding nursing research: building an evidence-based practice. 5th ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier Saunders. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) (2014) CASP checklists [online]. Available from: http://www.casp-uk.net/#!casp-tools-chcklists/c18f8. [Accessed 1 June 2014]. Clark-Carter, D. (2001) Doing quantitative psychological research. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press Ltd. Crombie, I. K. (2005) The pocket guide to critical appraisal. London: BMJ Publishing Group. Dancey, C. and Reidy, J. (2011) Statistics without maths for psychology. 5th ed. London: Prentice Hall. Hek, G. and Moule, P. (2006) Making sense of research: an introduction for health and social care practitioners. 3rd ed. London: Sage Publications Ltd. McCambridge, J., de Bruin, M. and Witton, J. (2012) The effects of demand characteristics on research participant behaviours in non-laboratory settings: a systematic review. PLoS One, 7 (6): e39116. Moule, P. and Goodman, M. (2009) Nursing research: an introduction. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Padula, C. A., Yeaw, E. and Mistry, S. (2009) A home-based nurse-coached inspiratory muscle training intervention in heart failure. Applied Nursing Research, 22: 18-25. Schulz, K. F. and Grimes, A. (2002) Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what. The Lancet, 359 (9307): 696-700. Seers, K. and Critelton, N. (2001) Quantitative research: designs relevant to nursing and healthcare. Nursing Times Research, 6 (1): 487-500. Sim, J. and Wright, C. (2000) Research in health care: concepts, designs and methods. Cheltenham, UK: Stanley Thornes. 1

Statement of Cash Flows Essay -- essays research papers

Statement of Cash Flows Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Statement of Cash flows is a very useful financial statement that can benefit investors, managers and even auditors. The statement of cash flows has not been around as long as the other financial statements such as the balance sheet or income statement. It basically â€Å"illustrates the way accounting evolves to meet the requirements of users of financial statements.† (Marshall, 2003) The statement of cash flows is designed to provide important information about the cash that a company has received or has paid out during a certain time period. It provides a reason for the changes of cash received and paid by a company by taking into account all financing, investing and operating activi...

Alternative Methods to Prison Sentencing in Britain Essay -- Papers

More and more people in Britain are being sentenced to jail time: this is a fact. In 2004, there are currently over eighty thousand inmates.[1] (Peter Reydt, 2004 / Scottish Executive, 2003) Crime is on the increase but our prisons are already overcrowded. Consequently, new prisons will be required to accommodate prisoners. Where will the money come from to pay for the construction of new prisons? Will they have a sufficient rehabilitation programs in place? The prison system is obviously failing because it is not acting as a deterrent. Clearly we should now be examining why the system is failing and possible alternatives to prison. What should these alternatives be? Would they work and would they be seen as a suitable punishment? First of all, I'd like to look at why the prison service is failing. Ten years ago, Britain's prison population was actually on the decline (Casciani, 2002)[2]. This was due to the government at the time implementing more community based punishments over the use of prison sentencing. However, not all of the Home Secretaries of the time - Kenneth Baker and Kenneth Clarke - agreed with this policy and soon changed their minds and began to follow up on the 'rhetoric of being 'tough' on crime'[3](Cascianni, 2002) by asking the courts to sentence more people to prison. Due to these sterner policies being put in place, the government figures in 1999 actually showed that there were now more than twenty four thousand people being sent to prison than there were ten years previous.(Cascianni, 2002)[4] This was despite no change in the amount of adults being convicted of offenses. The government's 2001 Halliday ... ...m the best way forward. If one life - even that of a prisoner - can be saved, then this must surely be a very good idea? If these alternatives were in place they would help the overcrowding in jails and the building of more jails - which cost on average sixty million pounds each to build.(Rethinking Crime and Punishment, 2002)[12]. This would be less of a burden on the taxpayer and this money could go into developing these alternatives and having them implemented instead of prison. If the offender is shown to be fully rehabilitated and to want to give something back to society, this can only be beneficial: not only to the offender to but to society as a whole. "There are some duties we owe even to those who have wronged us. There is, after all, a limit to retribution and punishment." Cicero (106 BC - 43 BC)[13]

Shakespeare :: essays research papers

Personal life His life was a good one for the times, no money struggles or divorced parents. His father didn’t expect him to fallow in his footprints like most parents, but, he would have liked it. Instead his father wanted what was best for him. In turn he fallowed his dreams of acting, writing and producing plays. His childhood was hard working; he went to the king’s new grammar school. He also studied Latin and Greek which he incorporates in his plays. When he was 18, he was married to Anna Hathaway, aged 26. Their kids names were Susanna, Hamnet and Judith. Burbage’s influence on Shakespeare Both Shakespeare and Burbage were 20, interested in theater, both part of the lord’s chamberlain’s men and both seeking success. Burbage invented the actual name â€Å"theater† and paying at the doorway of the theater instead of in it. The Theater had to be taken down so they took it apart and set it back up on the bank side of London and named it the â€Å"Globe†. For the observers eye of Shakespeare’s plays in the Globe The performances would start at approximately 2 o clock in the after noon unless the flag was up, which meant that the weather was too bad to host the play. Part of the Globes roof was open and the rest was thatch making it easy for the weather to cancel performances. Its octagon, kind of circular shape and being 3 stories tall helped to create its name, the Globe. Up too 3000 people could fit in the Globe and payments went 1 penny for a ground view and 2 pennies for a gallery seat. The stage was a thrust stage with secret entrances and great performances until it burned down from a shot of clothe in a cannon that landed on the roof. The Globe was no longer a Theater. Life as an actor There are 10 key points to the life of an actor. 1. It was a long day 2. You had to repeat shows lots 3. Memorizing your lines 4. You had to be very skillful in portraying different personalities 5. Had to be entertaining for the audience

Principles of Decision Making Essay

â€Å"Our economy is the result of millions of decisions we all make every day about producing, earning, saving, investing, and spending† by Dwight Eisenhower (UBR, Inc. , 2007). What are the principles behind an individual’s decision making? According to Mankiw, the four principles of individual decision making are as follows: â€Å"people face trade-offs, the cost of something is what you give up to get it, rational people think at the margin, and people respond to incentives. † People face trade-offs by having to give up something to get what they want or need. This is no surprise for most people who learn early in life that few things are free. A trade off is when you put more into one and less in the other. As an example of a trade-off, many times college students give up spending time with their families and friends in order to do homework and accomplish their long-term goal of earning a degree. Because of â€Å"trade-offs, making decisions require comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action† (Mankiw, 2007, p. 6). The cost of something is what you give up to get it. This clearly emphasizes that there are always costs to every decision that we make. These are what we called opportunity costs. An opportunity cost is what we have to give up to gain something else. It does not always have to be about financial matters but also situational issues. If individuals make the decision to return to school, they not only have a cost of monetary impact on life but also a cost of time because they have chosen to study over their alternatives of working or socializing. Rational people think at margin. A rational decision maker â€Å"takes an action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost† (Mankiw, 2007, p. ). Economic decision makers act in a rational manner. This means that decision makers prioritize the end results of their actions. They decide based on their wants and needs. â€Å"Rational people systematically are purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the opportunities they have† (Mankiw, 2007). According to Mankiw, marginal changes are just slight adjustments to what is already being done by comparing the marginal cost and marginal benefit of something. This could be an individual going to the store to buy sugar. If the store has two brands of the same size that are of different prices, a person will buy the least expensive because there is no benefit to purchasing the more expensive sugar. Also, if a person desired to achieve higher grades, it is most likely that he would spend longer hours studying and reviewing his/her course. Also, if there were two competing companies, one offering a large compensation with benefits, the other lacking resources to render incentives, it is assumed that the applicant would prioritize the more productive company. In deciding what is profitable in any economic situation, a decision maker has to assess the costs and benefits of any specific course of action. An example of a decision comparing the marginal benefit and the marginal cost associated with that decision occurs when purchasing a marked-up, last minute cruise line ticket for a very important business transaction. The other alternatives are to either drive a car, ride on a plane or wait seven days to pay a much lower fee. The marginal benefits of less travel time, increased comfort and being able to meet the deadline on time all outweighed the marginal cost of the increased fee. The decision made was based on personal incentives and satisfaction. Of course, if the cruise line ticket fee had been higher than traveling by car, I would have chosen driving to have more vacation time and be able to reduce cost. Truly, marginal benefit and marginal cost help in making financial decisions. Our personal budgeting skills will improve as we measure the costs of a financial decision. We will also consider the affordability of the products and services. The principles of economics affect decision making, interaction, and the workings of the economy as a whole because all people make decisions based on what they want and is best for them personally. For instance, the marginal costs and benefits are a vital part of economics because they help provide the relevant measurement of costs and benefits at a specific level of production and consumption. Even if we do not realize it, we all make decisions based on our marginal evaluations of the alternatives. Like in buying a car, we consider not only affordability but also convenience. Economics plays a very significant role in many different aspects of people’s lives. Every decision people make from how much they work, spend, save, and invest plays a role on their economy. Economics is something people use in a daily basis without even realizing it. Applying the said principles in decision making will allow us to plan and organize our goals in a rational and distinct manner. Knowing the cost of doing something will bring us awareness and make us more cautious as we implement our plans. It enables us to identify the trials and hardships that we have to face before reaching our goals. Exploring more about trade-offs brings us to the reality that in every aspect of our life, we have to consider giving up something before achieving what we really want. For example, big or small businesses have to consider the trade-offs in order to gain higher profitability. That is why some companies decrease manpower to reduce cost. On the other hand, doing this means depriving many workers the opportunity to earn for their families. The principles of economic decision making widens our perspective and guides us in implementing productive ideas.

Determinants of Satisfaction on Smartphones Among Students (Malaysia)

A theatre ON THE DETERMINANTS OF triumph ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS BY EMMANUEL PANPALAN RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN guide on OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DEGREE OF BA (HONS) ACCOUNTING AND pay LEVEL 6/ YEAR 3 IN TEESSIDE UNIVERSITY & SEGI UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA 14 DECEMBER 2012 TEESSIDE UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SCHOOL A tuition ON THE DETERMINANTS OF comfort ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES PROJECT under drop a line certification 1. I swan that the institute in this Project base is received and has been carried f besides let on by me as die of my course of instruction of ruminate. 2.I confirm that listly auxiliary cloth has been meetly ac dwellledged by me and cite in this work. Signed. Name EMMANUEL A/L PANPALAN Date 14th celestial latitude 2012 Course B. A. (HONS) IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE 2 A weigh ON THE DETERMINANTS OF propitiation ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS ACKNOWLEGDEMENT Thank you is a rattling small news program dis criminate to the plump for that I rule for complementary this search paper. Firstly, I would akin to convey Ms. Hung Mun Siew for un-dividing metre, advices, comments and encour progressments which really a booster to finish well. God b microscopical her works.Secondly, I would uniform to convey my gratitude to my p argonnts for organism thither and providing Love, resource, space, undeniable and moral support at compulsory generation. Thirdly, I would like to convey my gratitude to my recall doses who be in that respect for me, who I brush aside tele peal at all m for their advice for fulfilling this paper. Fourthly, to all respondents for my sports stadium of athletic field of battle, thank you for helping me through responding to the scene that been distri simplyed. Lastly, to the Al qualificationy God who had given me this fortune to fulfill this trade union movement. -Merci Beacoup- 3 A plain ON THE DETERMINANTS OF expiation ON SMARTPHONES AMONG ST UDENTSABSTRACT overbold b says pr setise and sales bring in break overnight. burnished ph wiz and plainly(a)s be expected to be as influential as it impart be seen as necessity so singlenessr than extravagance. there be few ad vantages of impudent foretells ace of it is wireless ne twainrk, interactivity, mobility and flexibility, further much(prenominal)(prenominal), facilitates the potential acceptance of bleak runny applications. on that pointfore, it is necessary to k no the demeanour of put onrs and the possibility of drug uptaker to revenge with their quick-witted peals. The bearing of this watch is to think out what really drives atonement which is utility, representability, lull of habituate and usance of clever straits.This look into has to be do to of the essence(predicate)tain and to wage hike up the practice session and sales. This search could be helpful to labor and drug substance ab intakers of all gifted predi cts applied science based industries. In this interrogation, 250 head t individuallyernaires ordaining be passed to SEGI college comporter to do and the number give be give outd social figure out SPSS softw ar. 4 A lead ON THE DETERMINANTS OF gladness ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS TABLE OF content confine TITLE rascal PAGE NUMBER 1 PROJECT REPORT CERTIFICATION 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3 ABSTRACT 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 hear OF TABLES 8 LIST OF DIAGRAMS 9 CHAPTER1 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 entering stage setting of choose Problem logical argument Motivation of Study question Objectives interrogation Questions Hypotheses Signifi spatece of call for 10 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 5 A claim ON THE DETERMINANTS OF expiation ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 1. 8 1. 9 Structure of speech digest 14 15 CHAPTER 2 2. 0 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 Literature Review admittance joy givefulness comprehensibility manipulation placidity of delectation Conceptual Fra mework thickset 16 16 16 17 19 21 23 25 25 CHAPTER 3 ruleological analysis 3. 0 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9 3. A asylum enquiry jut Research systemological analysis Questionnaire protrude Sample Sampling Frame selective companionship gathering Method Statistical technique airplane pilot lamp sieve Limitation abridgment 26 27 27 28 30 31 31 32 33 34 34 6 A field of operations ON THE DETERMINANTS OF manipulation ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS CHAPTER 4 selective culture abstract 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 Introduction dictate of Response Demographic Details promoter digest Regression abbreviation 35 35 35 35 41 50 51 CHAPTER 5 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 APPENDIX REFERENCES ETHICAL CONCLUSION Introduction end point Recommendation Reflection succinct 52 52 52 52 53 54 55 65 69 7A shoot ON THE DETERMINANTS OF comfort ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS LIST OF TABLES TABLE circuit board 3. 8. 1 hedge 3. 8. 2 tabular array 4. 2. 1 sidestep 4. 2. 2 card 4. 3. 1 put over 4. 3. 2 dodge 4. 3. 3 fudge 4. 3. 4 board 4. 3. 5 give in 4. 4. 1 Table 4. 4. 2 Table 4. 4. 3 Table 4. 4. 4 Table 4. 5 translation Case bear on Summary triedness Statistics Case Processing Summary period- tasteifyedness Statistics sexual urge Education Field of news report fault succession synopsis correlation coefficient for service coefficient of correlation for Understandability correlation for utilisation correlation coefficient for console of Use Regression PAGE NUMBER 33 33 35 35 36 37 39 39 41 43 44 47 49 51 8A con ON THE DETERMINANTS OF atonement ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS LIST OF DIAGRAMS DIAGRAM 4. 3. 1 4. 3. 2 4. 3. 4 4. 3. 5 description Gender Education Field of Study Brand PAGE NUMBER 37 39 41 42 9 A cogitation ON THE DETERMINANTS OF cheer ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the screen backwardground of witnessing, Problem body politicment, motivation of consume, inqui ry nonsubjective, look question, hypotheses, importee of study, and structure of dissertation. 1. 1 Background of study In this world where quick is non a word and when technology is no longer a luxury alone a necessity.It is really master(prenominal) for the manufacturer to come up with advance(a) idea to come across raw scientific world. chichiphone is expected to be a conqueror in diligent phones world as the giver of Smartphone application is growing twenty-four hours by day. The reason impertinent phone is so influential is beca part of its period of playctions. As instance, wireless internet referion, interactivity, mobility and flexibility, which in whatsoever consequence potential to new unstable application. Currently, the employ of cell phones has embossed up rapidly and a drastic change over last(prenominal) decade. Smart phones shortly argon utilise to put up social family human kinships.And they choose change due to clock and advanceme nt of technology. A study certifys that 43% of Australian and 17% of Malaysian argon apply shinyphone and that number is incr serenity rapidly (Ellis 2011). Some of interrogationples of invigo gaitdphones atomic number 18 the iPhone by orchard apple tree Inc, Galaxy series by Samsung, blackberry, HTC and m both an(prenominal) much. Smart phones atomic number 18 intentional in an ut close trend where their functions and features would match the ask of their single-valued functionrs in these shell be students. Smartphones function as both wandering communication devices and computers, and allow volume to mapping them to connect to the internet. Its expected that internet- surefooted diligent devices lead be the roughly coarse way for peck to access the internet by 2013? (Ellis 2011) 10 A believe ON THE DETERMINANTS OF comfort ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS accord to an assiduity review by The cleverness Research Corporation (IRC) the Asia-Pacific region ha s had a compound annual growth nonice of 17. 9 part over the past decade, buoyed by China and India. there argon over 800 million cell phone subscribers today in China alone. (Anusha Sethuraman, whitethorn 6, 2011). Moreover, dependence on social kindreds, the technologies be improved to suit slews desire and needs.These ever improving technologies function to change the lifestyle and habits of their users who would demand for more than than improvements. The foregoing dish would be cyclic and would non end unless new(prenominal) new technologies ar developed and replace the original technologies. Thus, when publishing changes, society pass on in any case change. Global sales atomic number 18 ramping up also. By the warrant quarter of 2011 mobile phone sales to end users number 325. 6 million units, a 13. 8 percent incr tranquility from the equivalent period in 2010, according to Garner, Inc. Of these sales, 19 percent were accounted for by immaterial pho nes.To catch up these figures it is really merry to build cheer among users. (Mark Brownlow, April 2012) it is expected a certain intimacy would make user to continue support thus, draw in the cable. 11 A memorize ON THE DETERMINANTS OF cheer ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 1. 2 Problem severalisement Although, the purpose of yearnphone is widely authorized in Malaysian lifestyle, there a solace UN-satisfy pile who sboulder clay realize a disbelieve in apply a immaterialphone, and state who use one usurpt realize all this expect in their life.This look believed to help to boost the usage of ablephones and company who manufacturing improve in times to come. 1. 3 Motivation of study The purpose of this research is to investigate the key agentive roles that restrict the gratification of sassy phone among students in Malaysia. In opposite word, determinants of students willing be studied victimisation four factors, perceive improvement, comprehend compre hensibility, perceived utilisation, and perceived succor of use. Simply the Motivation of the study is to represent the need of users which determining their triumph. . 4 Research objectives (R01) To lay the factors that drives triumph to use the Smartphone applications, (R02) To identify whether deductability on pain phones will put together mirth (R03) To identify whether liberal of employ the languish phones will onus atonement (R04) To identify whether merriment of employ Smart phones incumbrance gaiety 12 A ruminate ON THE DETERMINANTS OF expiation ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 1. 5 Research question (RQ1) Does the skinny of able phones will twist to triumph? RQ2) Does comprehensibility on snotty-nosed phones will proceeds felicity? (RQ3) Does approachability of victimization smart phones vow joy? (RQ4) Does exercise tenders important a portion in gladness in smart phones? 1. 6 Hypothesis H1a emolument has feign on bliss H1b comprehensibility has extend to on pleasure H1c usance has change on expiation H1d informality of using has concussion on Satisfaction 1. 7 Signifi chiffonierce of study To improve users and industry of smart phone, this research will at bounteous(p) up heavy(p)ger scope of knowledge regarding smart phones and their usage.It will be particularly be sound for future telecommunication companies and phone makes. They croup work together to provide better suffice in rapidly changing world. 13 A deliberate ON THE DETERMINANTS OF happiness ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 1. 8 Structure of Dissertation there atomic number 18 pentad chapters discussed in this study. Chapter one is the introduction where the background of smartphones is explained briefly, followed by the job statement of the dissertation, the research aim and objectives, the scope of this study, and similarly the contribution of this study.In chapter two of this study, secondary sources atomic numb er 18 utilise to ingest the in unioniseation on determinants which make students satisfy with their smartphones. The full of life points of this study be reviewed using the imageings in the journal articles theoretically. This chapter is meant to update the user of this study with the colligate publicationss of this research and to a fault as a guide for future studies. Chapter tercet of this research is the research methodology. In this chapter, the research name and methodology argon discussed. too the purpose and design of the batch legal puppet which is the questionnaires has been explained.The conceptual framework, pilot shielding, data accretion method, example utilize for this study, data analysis, and also the boundary of research methodology has been explained. conterminous in chapter four the data analysis effects are discussed. The data gained from the brush up are analyzed using the SPSS parcel. The findings on the consanguinity amidst the in ba belike shiftings and the dependent protean were runneled along with the hypotheses. last-placely chapter quintette of this study is focused on the refinement and recommendations of this study.Relevant tables and diagram has also been include in this research for easier catch of the user of this study. 14 A take apart ON THE DETERMINANTS OF atonement ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 1. 9 Summary In conclusion, as above the background, Problem statement, motivation, objectives, questions, hypotheses and signifi notifyce has been identified for the research. 15 A field of force ON THE DETERMINANTS OF rapture ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 Introduction This chapter discusses belles-lettres review, summary and conceptual framework.That link to research. 2. 1 Satisfaction In 1965s Rolling stones famed with a tune called Satisfaction, which goes I grasst get no gratification, I butt endt get no expiation, Cause I try and I try and I try and I try I cant get no, I cant get no. that portrays perfectly and speaks around human nature. Although it fair a song lyric, it hiking a question what exactly is satisfaction they also speaks of difficulties an individual faculty face from seek try to get satisfaction from consumption, usage, institution, politics and race. (Richard, 2010) According to oxford ictionaries defined satisfaction as fulfillment of ones wishes, mind-sets, or needs, or the pleasure derived from it. Satisfaction is derived from Latin Satis, where it heart and soul (enough) and Facere means (to do or make). It can be interpreted as a product or service where one makes a point to hypothe coat enough I am fulfilled. guest satisfaction can be exactly defined as psychological state which happen when emotion of surrounding disconfirmed expectation is combined with the consumers odourings around the hold before and present. (Richard, 1981) 16 A conceive ON THE DETERMINANTS OF ecstasy ON SMARTPHONES A MONG STUDENTSThe user satisfaction which is student in this case is really cardinal because it relate to other important variables. This often proved as a success on how a determinant relate with the satisfactions. This will unconsciously lead to success, sustainability, intention to buy more, and client loyalty. It is important factor to remember also that a consumer who satisfied will excite a continuous expectation and to go out it up is a challenge for any business. (Liao c, two hundred9) and satisfaction is really vital for students as their heart can change so unshakable according to circumstances. 2. Usefulness In this rapid changing world, it is hard to sustain the interest of students for one certain thing. For example if smartphones are non as undeniable by student they might shifting to notepad and so on. So it is really important for any smart phone manufacturer to pack their stuff which can still keep the flame. Usefulness is rooted back from the word efficac ious which means capable of doing or achieving something confirmatory that brings advantage (Macmillan Dictionary, 2011). It goes same to the smart phones usefulness if the usefulness is fundamental there is chance it can make water satisfaction if a particular t choose could be through. Hsi-Peng Lu, Philip Yu-Jen Su, cc9) A user will believe that a system has a positive use- effectance relationship if the system has senior uplifted school perceived usefulness (Davis, 1989). 17 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF merriment ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS new(prenominal) than that, a smart phones study that is based on 7,275 smart phone customer passs, set in motion that smart phone users who access social media sites like Facebook and cheep through their mobile device report a 783 satisfaction rating. This is or so 22 points higher(prenominal) than those who do not access social networks on their smart phones.This shows the usefulness do impact the satisfaction (Daily tech. com, 2012). In other research by Hsi-Peng Lu, and Philip Yu-Jen Su, two hundred9 state that hold dear has of import value is on customer satisfaction. It also state that value is at heart of what consumers needs from business. (Babin et al. , 1994) In other research it been state as new world emerging there will be a dissimilitude in teaching method design too. cultivation design is perceived as a lifelong journey of training and continues facts of life. This is not simple, as learning environment also has to take into account.It is difficult matter where apprentice and technologies come together, in both society must come together and alter their framework. Nevertheless organizations and students should know mobile learning is really essential and it is one form of satisfaction where e actuallything can be done anywhere. (Ana Dias, 2012) Lastly, its e normous to see how many uses a smartphones can provide a student, Mobile map, satellite view, Wikipedia items, cultural eve nts, photos sharing, set places, movies, restaurants, social media, It can also be said world is in a palm.All this necessity that smartphone met defecate satisfaction not only with students but even running(a) adults. (Martijn Pannevis, cc7) 18 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF gladness ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 2. 3 Understandability Understandability is an act where user knows how to use particular applications and knows the elements of smart phones. In a July 2011 Modapt Inc Morrissey & Company orchest ordinateed an online evaluate focused on the mobile Web experience. People like using their smart phones to fuck off fostering, but are often frust grazed by trying to navigate clumsy user interfaces and squanderload data.And the force shows in that comprehensibility do plays vital lineament in satisfaction. (Seybold report, 2011) And another Malaysian report give tongue to that understandability do make a differences in creating satisfaction. It stated that men a re more indulge in childs play and accessories which can be really fast frustrated if they cant understand the system works which cause less satisfaction. (Mohd Azam Osman, 2011) In another study behavior of certain user is taken into account. The main one is Anxiety it is refer as negative emotions in cognitive states. These emotions bring up actual or imaginary interactions with mobile using.Igbaria,Iivari (1995, p. 593) goes on to consecrate, person who experience high level anxiety are more fond to be consecrate rigidly thusly person who demand low. In short, people are expected to be abate and avoid any sweet feelings that nurture anxious (Compeau and Higgins, 1995), peculiarly when they operating smartphones. On the other hand person who understand and comfortable are more in all likelihood to feel satisfy. As an example, when the customers are in payment processes, they worry more or less military press the wrong buttons on the so much app and buttons, thus losing money. In other word negative emotions may come from conception or physical experiences.Number of preceding studies found that 19 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF satisfaction ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS anxiety had a meaning(a)ly negative twist on information system acceptation (Compeau et al. , 1999 McFarland and Hamilton, two hundred6). In another study handling and understanding smart phone refers to individual appraisal of their ability to perform a particularised task while using their smart phone. Several studies contract found that emotions can constraint people from performing skillfully. In other words people who feel anxiety gives a negative effect on one are perceived understandability thus, creating dissatisfaction (Compeau et al. 1999 Fagan et al. , two hundred3). Several research workers examined that the greater the user understand and capability belief will lead to the greater the users intrinsic motivation (Compeau and Higgins, 1995 Deng et al. , two h undred4). In addition, a person can also mother believes, that an action surely has a reaction, but if a person has entertain drab doubts close whether they can perform the necessary activities. teaching near outcomes does not influence of their behavior, it is also necessary to understand the impact of ones perceived level of skillfulness, under stability on the expectations of the smart phones (1977, p. 93) 20 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF comfort ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 2. 4 use of goods and services In this current age Smartphones are playing a vital role in society. Application as conform to and voice activated or, multiple apps ware been developed for various purposes, catering work and diversion. Apps allow a person to shop, read, play games, listen music, send and share information, photos and bide virtually connected with all of our family and geniuss.The open apps that been cater for use is extends beyond of the limits of our imagination, which more or less also use smartphones as unmindful distraction to idle time away. (Lynn, 2012) The effect of cheer/ fun could not be overruled in smart phone using especially for students. Different concepts drive been used to explain the importance of student emotions in sufferance of smart phones Fun (Pagani, two hundred4) sport (Curran and Meuter, cc7), and Perceived Enjoyment (Nysveen, two hundred5), According to Kim (cc8) respectment is a actually important prognosticator of the adoption of smartphone.This opinion deemd by (Fang et al, two hundred5) who found the perceived fun influences student and customers attitude but only for gambol tasks. Meanwhile, the effect of fun was found not to be so important for superior general and important business task. (Bruner, 2005) continue to severalise that fun is positively influenced by help of use and that has been even more important effect on the attitude toward the act that usefulness. This opinion have been supported by (Curr an, 2007) who says enjoyment is more important than utility. 21 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSIn other research, when it comes to banking consideration (Hong et al, 2008) auditioned smartphones usage and came to conclusion that enjoyment plays a big part in attitude towards the context using of smart phones information operate and entertainment services. In addition, (Dabholkar, 2002) continue to say enjoyment can be said that fun can be ancestor to attitude. In same meaning (Verkasalo, 2008) says that enjoyment has a clear positive effect on attitude towards usage of smartphones, as tested ranging from e-mailing to instant messaging. likewise that, (Nysveen et al, 2005) portrayed that enjoyment is a vital determinant which can create satisfaction of users especially students in using smart phones. The report goes on to say that enjoyment is really rugged determinant of intentions to use for fe potent than males (Pagani, 2004) In addit ion, (Pagani, 2004) create a pose where enjoyment is a really an important factor towards satisfaction in using smart phones. Moreover, for students it is really vital to have enjoyment in life. 22 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 2. restraint of use In this current world, time become so limited where people using time as grave as possible, due to that, students have very high urge for gizmo where they are able to use their smartphones any time, any place (Genova, 2010). Since there are great revival in mobile revolution, the smart phones is now portable, it is tied to individuals not one place (Holub et al, 2010). In (Lu, 2009) report says that consumers can perform smartphones transaction in very bizarre circumstances which have knockout time constraints, such as, waiting for friend or waiting for traffic dissimilar eskstop and laptop place in alkali or one certain place. This indirectly makes users to become highly dependent on smar tphones to get informations, by seek and clicking to access their smartphones wherever they are such as, relax at home, travel oversea and so on (Genova, 2010). According to (Stephen, 2009) form mobile phone and laptops is included for consumers convenience and the functions incr simple mindedness the rate and satisfaction of the users especially students (Hahn, 2010). In other view, affable is very important factor in life, what is the use one has eachthing but dont have a relationship.According to (Tikkanen, 2009) research Social needs interactions amid individual, friends, family, conference members as clubs, churches and so on. This needs sure incr comforts dependency on students and users on smartphones unconsciously gives satisfaction for users. It also allows user to be more versatile and increased usage for communication and maintaining relationships among and among individuals (Lippincott, 2010). 23 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STU DENTSAccording to (Wei, 2006) research, it been said that user who are using smartphones are high involved in social needs and people who are needed social dependence slowly discovered. Since, interaction or social networking has been included in smartphones it brings a lot of changes in social hike up (Morgan, 2010). The norm of keeping in touch with brisk throng of friends and cutaneous senses especially students, create a chance for them to meet offline and encourages more engagement with peers and come up with beneficial idea of organizing charity and so on.Social network such twitter and Facebook pave ship canal for students to engage in activity as such (Raskin, 2006). Smart phones encourage users especially students to satisfy their needs, and they are able to connect with peers through social networking sites any time anywhere, which create satisfaction for students (Bridges et al, 2010). It can be said that smartphones are really vital and important mediator amongst sa tisfaction and ease of use everywhere and anytime (Wei, 2006). 24 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS . 6 Conceptual Frameworks Usefulness Understandability educatees Satisfaction Enjoyment relaxation method of Use 2. 7 Summary This chapter comprises of usefulness, understandability, enjoyment and ease of use of smart phones towards satisfaction and it believed and proved the independent variable and dependent variable goes in hand in hand. It also contains conceptual framework to support. And literature reviews do support positively towards the research proposed. 25 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSCHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3. 0 Introduction Research methodology can be said as searching for knowledge and it is narrowed down to a certain topic, subject and appellation using a scientific and authoritative manner. it is a way to solve occupation systematically (Dr. Kothari, 2008). The main purpose wheref ore the research has been done is to check out whether the factors are affecting the satisfaction of smartphones among students. In come in to test the guesswork mentioned in chapter 2 literature review, a set of self-administered questions were developed.The main objective of this research is to study the students science towards smartphones satisfaction, the targeted population would be mainly those students in SEGI University who using smartphones. This chapter discusses the samples, sample distribution frame, data solicitation methods and statistical techniques 26 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 1 Research Design Research design is basically some how this research have been done, its plan or structure which involves identifying the difficulty, accordingly gather datas and last analyze and gain results there are lot of type of design to the research. investigator have chosen the cross regional design which involves to colle ct a army of data on more than one case at one particular time frame. This is to collect a group of numeric or quantifiable data related with variables. Where, tec uses to analyze, understand the relationships and pattern. 250 questionnaire forms were collect from respondents via convenience method and snowball method. This study is only utilized decimal research design. Researcher will analyze the score and result to know whether the variables do match the satisfaction for smart phones users. . 2 Research Methodology Research methodology is basically about the method detective used, either soft or quantitative. In this research quantitative been used, Quantitative method is a about group of data been roll up using inferential approach which means the survey is based research where certain amount of sample of population is used to contend the survey. This research uses questionnaires and the usually the information gained will be similar as it is been standardized.This is b ecause every respondent who participate in this research are filmd to swear out the same exact question. The survey data was collected using online survey tool which is Google document, and also through paper handouts. 27 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 3 Questionnaire design The survey instrument used in this research is questionnaires where about two hundred (sets of questionnaire have been distributed to students in SEGI University and all the people in my Facebook friend list all over Klang vale to get their responds accordingly.The questionnaires are to analyze and research few main factors which can effect satisfaction of smartphones among students 1) Usefulness 2) Understandability 3) Enjoyment 4) Ease of use 5) Satisfaction In this questionnaire there are two member named as 1 and 2. The 1 classify is mainly about demographic exposit which are intentional to collect information on demographic inside information. (I. e. Gen der, Age, highest qualification, smart phones brand). On the other hand, the second class is factor analysis. In this role there are 5 partitionings which consist of usefulness, understandability, enjoyment, ease of use and satisfaction.The starting time breakdown is usefulness. This discrepancy is created to beat the This usefulness of smartphones towards satisfaction as per respondents view. instalment has four statements that address this. Respondents were asked to rate the 28 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS proportionateness on a five-spot point scale ranging from potently adjudge (1) to strongly disagree (5) The second division is Understandability. This division is created to measure the understandability towards satisfaction.This division has four statements that address this. Respondents were asked to rate the agreement on a five point scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5) The third division is e njoyment. This division is created to measure the enjoyment towards satisfaction. This division has four statements that address this. Respondents were asked to rate the agreement on a five point scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5) The fourth division is Ease of Use. This division is created to measure the ease of use towards satisfaction.This division has four statements that address this. Respondents were asked to rate the agreement on a five point scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5) The fifth division is satisfaction. This division is created to measure the overall satisfaction on smart phones from the respondents. This division has three statements and one statement will be chosen. 29 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 4 -Samples The method that been performed is quantitative research method. As in this case survey.Cross sectional survey is done to gather information about usefulness , ease of use, enjoyment and understandability towards satisfaction among smart phones user. Below are criteria of potential sample. 1) cellular inclusion criteria a) Students aged surrounded by 19 and 25 years old in SEGI College in Malaysia were included. b) Students who are able to read and save up in English language. c) Students with smart phones 2) animad rendering criteria a) Only students are allowed to participate in this research. b) Students who are unable to read and write in English language. c) Students who dont own Smart phones. 0 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 5 Sampling frame A measure of two hundred fifty dollar bill (250) questionnaires been distributed to the students within SEGI College as for data collection in parliamentary law to measure the respondents in different aspects to reach my research objective. The sample distribution method that is used is non-probability method. On-probability sampling can be n arrowed down to two methods which are convenience, snowball sampling (Babbie, 2010). As for this study, convenience sampling is used as it is lenient to perform. 3. Data collection methods immemorial data type is used where questionnaires survey is done for data collection. Once all data is gathered, it been analyzed according to the objective of this research. Other than that, operationalization can be used as way to measure too as it defined where the variable is metric by explaining the process of defining each variable, as guidance in order to make consistent measurements. (Le Roy, 2008). This research sampling was conducted in SEGI University for Data collection, due to time, place and communication barriers, it was not practical to conduct the survey in large scale.A total of two-hundred and fifty (250) sets of questionnaires were distributed through online and also handouts, as yet only about two-hundred (200) repartees were received. 31 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 7 Statistical techniques Questionnaires which have been collected after answered had been analyzed using SPSS analysis. This software package product is computer based software which is designed specifically for statistical analysis. In this software there are two moulds which are linear and no linear where linear model can make immaculate analysis and reliable conclusion.Meanwhile, non- linear model is to improve the accuracy of prediction made. This SPSS software can run two tests first multiple atavisms and simple regression equalize means and reliability of the research. As for this study, IBM SPSS Statistic version 20. 0 is used to code and analyze the collected data. Respondents were questioned on the factors that read their satisfaction on smart phones. A descriptive statistics that includes simple frequencies means and also percentages were computed using the demographic expound from the respondents (i. e. gender, age a nd qualification), system.Moreover to test the guesswork for each factor, statistical method such as Correlation was used. 32 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 8 Pilot taste Pilot test is considered as an experiment in small scale to better the questionnaire reliability and validity for bigger scale. This test usually will be performed to identify the problem with materials and methods, so it can be corrected before proceeding. Pilot test is an important test to feasibility and usefulness of the research method used to collect information.As for this Research, (20) sets of questionnaire been distributed to check the reliability and validity of hustling question. The data have been collected and analyses using reliability test to indicate the reliability and validity of the question and under are the result for section 2 part 1 part 5 Pilot test / reliableness Table 3. 8. 1 Case Processing Summary N legal Cases Excluded a Total 20 0 20 % one hundred. 0 . 0 100. 0 a. lean wise excision based on all variables in the procedure. Table 3. 8. 2 Reliability Statistics Cronbachs important . 976 N of Items 17 33 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSThe table above 3. 8. 1 till 3. 8. 2 shows that there are really good internal consistency. The rate of 0. 976 in table 3. 8. 2 proved that this questionnaire is reliable enough to use these items to conduct the survey. 3. 9 Limitation at that place are a lot of limitations, in this research one of it is the patronage is too narrow, it is only for students. Since the respondents are full of students it makes enjoyment and entertainment looked as much more important than any other variables. Its believed those different age groups have a different kind of importance and likeness.Time constraint, as this is the last semester and there a four other exam and assignment besides this research makes it harder. Besides that, there are li mitations in respondents answer as well this is because respondents might not answer the question honestly as they might have this attitude of falter to reveal certain information that might be personal. Respondents are more in all likelihood to manipulate their answers to look smart, just be nice by providing a positive answer or afraid being judge by researcher for their answer. This is sure enough will be not reliable for the research.Besides that, people who dont use smartphones also became a limitation as its hard to classify them. Other than that, respondents might not have the time for answering the questionnaire as they are move for their own agenda. 3. 9 A Summary In nutshell, this chapter comprises of Introduction, samples, sampling frame, data collection and statistical analysis. This has to be done to perform the research. 34 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 Introduction This chapter is about anal yzing, rate of reaction, reliability, demographic details and reckon analysis. . 2 Rate of Response collide with the 250 questionnaires that were distributed, 50 of the surveys were deemed invalid due to fractional questionnaire. By the end of the study, 200 questionnaires were perfect and used for analysis purposes, for a response rate of 80% Table 4. 2. 1 Reliability for 200 sets Case Processing Summary N logical Cases Excluded a Total 200 0 200 % 100. 0 . 0 100. 0 a. List wise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Tabel 4. 2. 2 Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha . 976 N of Items 17 35 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS . 3 Demographic details Table 4. 3. 1 Gender relative frequency part Valid Percent additive Percent Male 80 40. 0 60. 0 100. 0 40. 0 60. 0 100. 0 40. 0 100. 0 Valid Female 120 Total 200 plot 4. 3. 1 Gender 36 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS The percentage rat e of male students respondents and female person students respondents are 40% (80) participants and 60% (120) separately. This shows that there are more female respondents for this study differentiate to male respondents, which can also indicate that there are more female smart phone user than male users.Table 4. 3. 2. Education absolute frequency Percent Valid Percent additive Percent SPM STPM 30 10 15. 0 5. 0 5. 0 25. 0 50. 0 100. 0 15. 0 5. 0 5. 0 25. 0 50. 0 100. 0 15. 0 20. 0 25. 0 50. 0 100. 0 A- Level 10 Valid diploma 50 Degree Total 100 200 37 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Diagram 4. 3. 2 Education In education you can see As for the highest qualification, the students with a Bachelor Degree shows the highest rate of 50 % which can mean that they will affect the largest part of the research compare to the other students.Those with a secondary level education show a rate of only 20%, whereas those with certificate / A-Levels / Foundation or equivalent and Diploma / Equivalent show a rate of 5% and 25% respectively. This also can mean that students with higher qualification are more alert and satisfy with the smartphones they have. 38 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Table 4. 3. 3 Field of study absolute frequency Percent Valid Percent cumulative Percent assembly line 60 30. 0 70. 0 100. 0 30. 0 70. 0 100. 0 30. 0 100. 0 Valid Non- blood 140 Total 200 39 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSDiagram 4. 3. 4 Meanwhile, Field of study separated amongst business and Non business it shows 70% of participants are 70% and 30% were argument students. Table 4. 3. 4 Brand Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 15. 0 20. 0 30. 0 65. 0 80. 0 100. 0 Iphone Blackberry HTC Valid Samsung Nokia Sony Erricson Total 30 10 20 70 30 40 200 15. 0 5. 0 10. 0 35. 0 15. 0 20. 0 100. 0 15. 0 5. 0 10. 0 35. 0 15. 0 20. 0 100. 0 40 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Diagram 4. 3. 5 Brand As for brand, a total of seven types of phone brands were given.The first highest is Samsung with 35% second will be Sony Erricson with 20%. The third will be I phone and Nokia which share 15% respectively fourth HTC with 10% and lastly blackberry with 5%. 41 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4. 3. 5 Age analysis Descriptive Statistics N Age Range Minimum supreme Mean 18. 00 30. 00 Std. Deviation 200 12. 00 22. kB 2. 70678 Valid N (listwise) 200 As for age, the minimum is 18 and maximum will be 30 and all of them are students. 4. 4 Factor analysis abridgment used Usefulness = U, Understandability = UD, Enjoyment = E, Ease of use = EU, Satisfaction = S 4. . 1 Findings and analysis of the relationship amidst perceived usefulness and satisfaction of smart phones among students. In this section of study, the relationship amid the perceived usefulness and satisfaction of smart phones among students is determined to confirm the adjacent hypotheses H1 in that respect is no meaning(a) relationship amidst perceived usefulness and satisfaction H2 There is a significant relationship between perceived usefulness and satisfaction In order to analyze the relationship between usefulness and satisfaction of smartphones among students, the correlations test was carried out. 2 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Correlations fair_U Pearson 1 Correlation bonny_U Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson . 462** Correlation Average_Satisfaction Sig. (2-tailed) . 000 N 200 200 1 200 . 000 200 . 462** Average_Satisfaction **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). Table 4. 4. 1 Correlation test on the relationship between the perceived usefulness and satisfaction of smart phones among students. The correlation test was used to determine the significance of hypotheses.The results are presented as above. T he p-values of 0. 000 and 0. 000 shows that usefulness and satisfaction on smart phones among students are related, the test shows a relationship between usefulness and satisfaction on smart phones among students. Therefore dead reckoning H1 is spurned since hypothesis H2 is proved to be accepted as there is a significant relationship between usefulness and satisfaction on Smartphones among students. 43 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4. 4. Findings and analysis of the relationship between understandability and satisfaction of smart phones among students In this section of study, the relationship between the understandability and satisfaction of smart phones among students is determined to confirm the spare-time activity hypotheses H1 There is no significant relationship between understandability and satisfaction H2 There is a significant relationship between understandability and satisfaction In order to analyze the relationship between understandability and satisfaction of smartphones among students, the correlations test was carried out Correlations Average_Satisfaction Pearson 1 Correlation Average_Satisfaction Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson . 718** Correlation Average_UD Sig. (2-tailed) N . 000 200 200 1 200 . 000 200 Average_UD . 718** **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). Table 4. 4. Correlation test on the relationship between the understandability and satisfaction of smart phones among students. 44 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS The correlation test was used to determine the significance of hypotheses. The results are presented as above. The p-values of 0. 000 and 0. 000 shows that understandability and satisfaction on smart phones among students are related, the test shows a relationship between understandability and satisfaction on smart phones among students. Therefore hypothesis H1 is rejected since hypothesis H2 is proved to be accepted as there is a significant relationship between understandability and satisfaction on Smartphones among students. 4. 4. Findings and analysis of the relationship between enjoyment and satisfaction of smart phones among students In this section of study, the relationship between the enjoyment and satisfaction of smart phones among students is determined to confirm the following hypotheses H1 There is no significant relationship between enjoyment and satisfaction H2 There is a significant relationship between enjoyment and satisfaction In order to analyze the relationship between enjoyment and satisfaction of smartphones among students, the correlations test was carried out 45 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Correlations Average_Satisfaction Pearson 1 Correlation Average_Satisfaction Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson . 756** Correlation Average_E Sig. (2-tailed) N . 000 200 200 1 200 . 000 200 . 756** Average_E **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). Table 4. 4. 3 Correlation test on the relationship between the enjoyment and satisfaction of smart phones among students.The correlation test was used to determine the significance of hypotheses. The results are presented as above. The p-values of 0. 000 and 0. 000 shows that enjoyment and satisfaction on smart phones among students are related, the test shows a relationship between enjoyment and satisfaction on smart phones among students. Therefore hypothesis H1 is rejected since hypothesis H2 is proved to be accepted as there is a significant relationship between enjoyment and satisfaction on Smartphones among students. 46 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4. 4. 4 Findings and analysis of the relationship between ease of use and satisfaction of smart phones among studentsIn this section of study, the relationship between the ease of use and satisfaction of smart phones among students is determined to confirm the following hypotheses H1 There is no significant relationship between ease of use and satisfaction H2 There is a significant relationship between ease of use and satisfaction In order to analyze the relationship between ease of use and satisfaction of smartphones among students, the correlations test was carried out 47 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Correlations Average Satisfaction Pearson 1 Correlation Average_Satisfaction Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson . 865** Correlation Average_EU Sig. (2-tailed) N . 000 200 200 1 200 . 000 200 . 865** Average_EU **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 1 level (2-tailed). Table 4. 4. 4 Correlation test on the relationship between the understandability and satisfaction of smart phones among students. The correlation test was used to determine the significance of hypotheses. The results are presented as above. The p-values of 0. 000 and 0. 000 shows that ease of use and satisfaction on smart phones among students are r elated, the test shows a relationship between ease of use and satisfaction on smart phones among students. Therefore hypothesis H1 is rejected since hypothesis H2 is proved to be accepted as there is a significant relationship between ease of use and satisfaction on Smartphones among students. 48A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4. 5 Regression To find out the strongest and most influenced determinant to attain satisfaction, a regression test is used. This linear regression in the table below shows that, ease of use have a high R value compare to other variable which is 0. 865. It also means that ease of use plays a vital role in satisfaction among students. 49 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Correlations Average Averag _Satisfac e_U tion Average_Satisfaction Pearso Average_U n Average_UD Correlat Average_E ion Average_EU Average_Satisfaction Average_U Sig. 1Average_UD tailed) Average_E Average_EU Aver age_Satisfaction Average_U N Average_UD Average_E Average_EU . 000 . 000 200 200 200 200 200 . 000 . 000 200 200 200 200 200 . 000 . 000 200 200 200 200 200 . .000 200 200 200 200 200 . 000 . 200 200 200 200 200 . 000 . 000 . .000 . 000 . 865 . .000 . 769 . 000 . .910 . 000 . 000 . 908 . 000 . 000 1. 000 . 000 . 000 . 756 . 840 . 938 1. 000 . 908 . 718 . 853 1. 000 . 938 . 910 . 462 1. 000 . 853 . 840 . 769 1. 000 . 462 . 718 . 756 . 865 Average _UD Averag e_E Average _EU Table 4. 5 50 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4. 6 Summary These chapters consisted of rate of response, reliability test, test on demographic and factor analysis. 51A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 5. 1 Introduction This chapter includes Conclusion, recommendation and Reflection. 5. 2 Conclusion The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of satisfaction on smart phones among students. There are four factors used in this study to find out whether it can obtain satisfaction towards the students. This research were extracted from various animated articles which are perceived usefulness of smartphones, perceived enjoyment that smartphones provide, perceived understandability, perceived ease of use towards satisfaction of smartphones among students.Based on the survey done on the four determinants towards satisfaction, the result shows a significant relationship between all of them, which conclude that, this, four determinant is important for satisfaction on smartphones among students. 5. 3 Recommendation In this research, targeted samples were taken haphazard from people who research see, and know. Therefore in future researcher may broaden their research throughout Malaysia bigger sample size from all kind of class as from students to working adults should be taken for much bigger picture Secondly, this research is focused on determinant of satisfaction among students so in future researcher can study in diminutive the other factors which can help to raise satisfaction.Lastly, a detailed research on the comparison between the users and non-users of smart phones can be done to determine the take in and expectancy of users. 52 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 5. 4 Reflection Reflection basically means the act of reflecting or the state of being reflected, it can be also give tongue to out what a researcher have gone through for months he takes up this research. Researchers have taken up the title Determinant of satisfaction of smart phones among students. This is because researcher had a deep interest in smart phones and always had a quirkiness how to get to know and blast the knowledge in this section.This research personally have enlighten researcher in and out of smartphones through the reading of articles, it also have enlighten researcher with social perception and motive of users. The process of undertaking the reckon dint deviates in any way compare to intent. Researchers have planned earlier for marriage offer itself and it just needed to expand it. supervisor was really helpful in a way to gives more ideas to expand the literature reviews and matter which comes with it. The only thing that deviates from proposal is more word counts and vast information on smartphones. Researchers have included more informations on satisfaction and its relevance to users, business and corporate who might use it. Research project have a certain process and flowing process as follows.Firstly, Identification of research problem is to determine the determinants to attain satisfaction in this process researcher intimate that it is important to identify the problem in a situation. Secondly, problem and statement objective, in this process researcher learn to state the problem and objective of certain problem not only think about it. Thirdly, research question, in this process learn to as k a proper and germane(predicate) question for the problem to get a conclusion. Fourthly, literature review in this process researcher learn to use previous or past examples that related to the problem as reference and move in to the goal. Fifthly, quantitative research 53 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS ethods, in this process researcher have lettered to find a proper channel to calculate and analyze the problems. Sixthly, survey instruments, in this process researcher have learn to communicate to users or people who related to study without being ask a lot of wrong questions. A proper questionnaire is a good answer. Seventhly, pilot test, in this process researcher have learn that even been assumed a proper question have been readied mistakes are there, correction is needed for perfection. Next, data collection, in this process researcher have learn that there a lot of way to communicate with person and media and surveys are one and rele vant. Lastly, data analysis, in this researcher learned that there are always results for good or bad.And in this research it is good. There are a lot of limitations in this research, one of the main one is limitation on topic to student, the reason why researcher find this can be limitation is because, students are mostly inclined(predicate) to enjoyment and playing games, this might be a big change in the research perception. If in future researcher want to differently, researcher may expand the sample size to more than euchre samples and researcher would increase the class size from students to many other classes. This study can be helpful for all phones industry and its easier to get a large picture of users needs in smartphones and sustainability of smartphone industry. 5. Summary These chapters have included Conclusion, Recommendation and Reflection. 54 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS APPENDIX A GANTT map OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 201 2 Activities /Month Research details Coordination with Relevant agencies and Parties Literature Review Questionnaire Design Pilot Testing Revision of questionnaires weft of respondents Administration of Survey Data Analysis Report Writing Dissemination of drafting for discussion Dissemination Report of final Topic/relevant April May June July Aug kinsfolk Oct Nov Dec 55 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSAPPENDIX B QUESTIONNAIRES Hi, my name is Emmanuel A/L Panpalan (SCM-013826), currently studying Bachelor of Accounting and pay of Teesside University in SEGi University, Kota Damansara. I am conducting a research project to fulfill requirements for my Final year Thesis. The research is STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS. Your individual response will be kept close and confidential. My report will reveal group findings for academic presentations and publications only. Your participation in this study will contribute further to the field of communication in Malaysia. Thank you for participate in this research project.Background Instruction tell all questions prick 1 1. Gender Male / Female 2. Age ______ 3. What is the highest education level you have completed? (Tick one only) o SPM o STPM o A-Level o Diploma 56 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS o Degree o Post-graduate 4. What is your major field of study? o Business o Non Business 5. What brand of smart phone do you use (Tick one only) o iPhone o Blackberry o HTC o Samsung o Nokia o LG o Sony Ericsson 57 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Answer all questions Section 2 Factor Analysis hardening the number in the box provided for most appropriate response.Only ONE number needs to be circled for each question. Please answer ALL the questions in SECTION 2 according to the scale as below Strongly resist 5 Disagree 4 Neutral.. 3 see to it2 Strongly Agre e1 1. USEFULLNESS Find the Smartphone application useful 5 in my daily life using the Smartphone application helps 5 me accomplish things more quickly Using the my Smartphone chances of application 5 achieving 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 improves things I find important I think App submit provide the useful 5 4 3 2 1 58 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Smartphone applications 2.UNDERSTABILITY App remembering clearly provides the classified 5 smart phone application menu App chime in provides detailed information 5 about the smart phone application App computer storage provides detailed manual 5 about the smart phone application App store provides detailed information 5 about the smart phone application 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 function 3. ENJOYMENT I think it is fun to use Smartphone 5 application 4 3 2 1 I think the process of using Smartphone 5 application would be pleasant I think using Smartphone application 5 would bring me pleas ure I enjoy using Smartphone application 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 59 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4.EASE OF USE My interaction with the Smartphone 5 application is clear and understandable fundamental interaction with the Smartphone 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 application does not require a lot of my mental political campaign I find it easy to get the Smartphone 5 application to do what I want it to do I find the Smartphone application to be 5 easy to use 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 5. SATISFACTION My overall experience of Smartphone 5 application use was very satisfied. 4 3 2 1 END Thank you very much for your participation If you have any additional thoughts, suggestions, questions, or comments, feel free to contact me via email at emailprotected com 60 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSREFERENCES 1) Hun Choi, Yoo-Jung Choi and Ki-Mun Kim 2012 The Understanding of Building Trust flummox on Smartphone Application Foc using on Users Motivation, Viewed 3 October 2012 2) Mark Brownlow, (2012) Smartphone statistics and market share, http//www. email-marketing-reports. com/wireless-mobile/smartphone-statistics. htm Viewed 3 October 2012 3) Anusha Sethuraman, (2011) US Smart phones statistics, http//www. smartonline. com/mobile-2/us-smartphone-statistics-q1-2011-overview/ Viewed on 4 October 2012 4) Gordon Adams, (2004) Smart phones evaluation, http//inews. berkeley. edu/bcc/Fall2004/smartphones. html, Viewed on October 4, 2012 5) Report withiPhone,http//www. dailytech. om/Apple+ transcend+JD+Power+Customer+Satisfactio n+Report+with+iPhone/article22684. htm, Viewed October 1, 2012 523 6) gouge Hooi Ting, Suet Fong Lim, Tanusina Siuly Patanmacia, Ca Gie Low, Gay Tiffany Kaiser, (2011) Apple Tops J. 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