Mrs. Dalloway :: essays research papers

Mrs. Dalloway (1998) presents a day in the life of Clarissa Dalloway, an upper-class English woman. Clarissa Dalloway is the wife of Richard Dalloway, a Conservative Member of Parliament. The story takes place in London on a day in June 1923, a day when Clarissa is giving a dinner party party. She walks to the florist shop to buy flowers for the party.Admittedly, its no easy task to make a silly womans foolish choices an engrossing cinematic experience. For that reason alone the mint who tried to make a film of Virginia Woolfs novel, "Mrs. Dalloway" get an "E" for effort. It has a sumptuous look, excellent supporting performances, and I wish I could have want it more. The title subject, Clarissa Dalloway, is played by Vanessa Redgrave while she plans a party at her impressive home. As she does, she begins to recall the choice she made years agone when pursued by two suitors who could not have been more different. Rather than reckless passion, her choice, born of c owardice, was for the security of a quiet life full of privilege. rotating shaft Walsh, an old and close friend of Clarissas, has returned to England after five years in India, and comes to visit her. Peter Walsh once loved Clarissa, but she had refused to marry him. Clarissa introduces Peter to her missy Elizabeth. Elizabeth is 17 years old, and has an older friend and tutor named Doris Kilman. Elizabeth goes to lunch with Miss Kilman. Miss Kilman is poor and physically unattractive, and resents the upper-class Mrs. Dalloway. Miss Kilman is a desperate and fanatically religious woman, who wants to take Elizabeth away from her mother, but conceals her feeling under the guise of religiosity and strident charity. Septimus Warren Smith and his wife Lucrezia happen to be walk of life on the street. Septimus Warren Smith never meets Mrs. Dalloway, but their lives are connected by external events, such as the sight of an airplane overhead, and by the circumstance that they are both sen sitive people who feel empty. Septimus Warren Smith commits suicide the same day that Mrs. Dalloway is giving her dinner party.Clarissa Dalloway as a character in the novel is upper-class and conventional. She knows her life is shallow her former lover Peter Walsh had called her the perfect hostess. She feels that her only gift in life is in versed a person through instinct.

labor history :: essays research papers

UberFLAC v0.89 - tools to help with berStandard 3.0/FLAC rips==============================================================These rather hackish tools help with berStandard 3.0/FLAC rips.FLACScript enforces and checks MD5 sums for FLAC rips, and doesit better than oggscript. It also generates standard-compliantMD5 checksum files now, that anything else like md5sum or hksfv grass check too.UberTrans allows you to safely transcode FLAC rips to the otherUberStandard formats. Yes, it only works on FLAC. Deal with it, thatll never change.Instructions for installation==============================I apologise for the following rather unformatted drivel. I haventhad time, merely the instructions are all here. I hope.1. Install ActiveState ActivePerl (5.8.2.808 here http//downloads.activestate.com/ActivePerl/Windows/5.8/ActivePerl-5.8.2.808-MSWin32-x86.msi- later versions should work OK, check the websitehttp//www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePerl/ for details, you do _not_ need to enter a nything or register, determination the latest Windows MSI build)2. Create a new directory Cuber3. Unpack this archive to the Cuber directory, so you have directories Cuberutils CuberripFLAC CubertransFLAC and CubertransAPS (and some(prenominal) others undertrans, one for each format).4. You need to put Cuberutils in your $PATH, do it like this(instructions are for Windows XP, other versions whitethorn vary)a) Press WinKey+Pause/ rest to bring up System Properties (alternatively, right-click My Computer and select Properties)b) Switch to Advanced tabc) Press Environment Variables button near the bottom of the dialogd) In the bottom half of this Environment Variables dialog is a frame variables list. Youll see Path in there. Edit it DO NOT overwrite everything in it. Your system needs that stuff, so be careful here and do exactly what I say PressHome (go to the beginning), display case "Cuberutils" without the quotes EXACTLY,including that semicolon at the windup (dont in sert any spaces or anything), and press Return. Your Path should look SOMETHING like this cuberutilsCPerlbin%SystemRoot%system32%SystemRoot%%SystemRoot%System32WbemIt may be longer or different, but it gives you an root what to expect.e) Press OK in this dialog and OK again in the previous dialog to commit the changes.f) Reboot for the new changes to take effect.7. WinKey+R (Run), type cmd, press return (to open a command prompt)for when you come backubertransshould give a nice version message.to rip in FLACset up to uberstandard with following tweaks.I recommend you dont open external compressor windows. Dont close EAC until you seetheres NO compression tasks remaining (in the statusbar at the bottom), whatever youdo... other than that, its less trouble. You may also want to change ripping and encodingpriority to Idle (its a shame it doesnt support changing encoding priority to Idle butkeeping ripping priority Normal, really).

Essay examples --

Over het opeten van twee boterhammen doe je langer dan over n. Je huiswerk maak je sneller als je niet tegelijkertijd tv kijkt. Een reclame die je dagelijks ziet, onthoud je beter dan een die je minder vaak ziet. Kijk nu naar 2 kinderen, waarvan de n tweetalig opgroeit en de ander ntalig. Het tweetalige kind heeft het dubbel zo druk, ook is het taalaanbod verdeeld over twee talen. Betekent dit ook dat meertaligen daardoor langzamer zijn in hun taalverwerving? Wat is het effect op de spraak- en taal ontwikkeling? Welke factoren hebben invloed op taalproblemen bij meertalige kinderen? Op al deze vragen zullen we proberen antwoord te geven in deze deelvraag.Wat is tweetaligheid?Tweetaligheid betekent het kunnen gebruiken van twee verschillende talen in diverse communicatievormen. Het komt niet vaak voor dat beide talen even goed beheerst worden, oftewel een gebalanceerde tweetaligheid. Meestal is er sprake van een dominante taal, deze wordt makkelijker gebruikt dan de tweede taal. Er be staan twee verschillende soorten tweetaligheid simultane en successieve tweetaligheid.Simultane tweetaligheidEr is sprake van simultane tweetaligheid als een kind twee (soms drie) talen gelijktijdig aanleert. Vanaf jongs af aan worden de talen aangeboden. Van beide talen moeten de woordstructuur, woordvorming en zinsleer worden verworven. In allebei de talen gaan kinderen door dezelfde taalontwikkeling als kinderen die ntalig worden opgevoed. Simultane opvoeding vergt een bepaalde structuur van de ouders. In bepaalde situaties moet een bepaalde taal worden gesproken. Thuis bijvoorbeeld Engels en op domesticate Nederlands.Successieve tweetaligheidAls een kind tot op een latere leeftijd ntalig wordt opgevoed en dan pas in aanraking komt met ... ... in het onderwijs voorkomt. Vaak draait het in zulke gevallen om groepen die minderwaardig worden gezien in een samenleving, zoals Marokkanen in Nederland. Dit wordt ook wel subtractieve tweetaligheid genoemd. Dit houdt in dat een kind 2 t alen kan spreken en gebruiken maar beide talen zijn van (te) lage kwaliteit. De andere vorm is additieve tweetaligheid, de eerste taal/moedertaal wordt op een voldoende manier gebruikt en daarom kan er een tweede taal aan worden toegevoegd. Op deze manier van het gebruiken van twee talen ontstaan positieve effecten. Doordat meertalige kinderen al vanaf jongs af aan zich veel bezighouden met taal en verschillen in talen, zijn zij zich er snel bewust van wanneer er bepaalde taalverschijnselen voorkomen. Zij kunnen dit verbinden aan verschijnselen die zij in verschillende talen kennen en daardoor leren ze de nieuwe fenomenen snel aan.

Struggles within the Younger family in the play A Raisin in the Sun Ess

Struggles within the Younger family in the play A Raisin in the SunA Raisin In The SunRolling in the DustOh- so direct its life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used tobe life- now its money. I guess the world really do change (74).This quote reveals the economic struggles within the Younger family inthe play A Raisin in the Sun. Throughout the play, Mamas views are atodds with Walters views. For Walter, who feels enslaved in his joband life, money is the truthfulst freedom. To him, money seems to be theanswer to everything. Money, he believes, allows passel to livecomfortable and carefree lives. It also seems to him that moneydefines a man by measuring his supremacy and ability to provide for hisfamily. As for Mama, anything is more rich than material wealth.The lack of money in the Younger family inhibited the growth of advantage. It is not easy for people to rise whose qualities arethwarted by poverty, just now what happened with the Youngers.To the characters in the play, lack of money is the root of all evil.Success is absent from the Younger family due to the lack of money. Itcomes from dreams that have been fulfilled, but for the Youngers, itwas unachievable to fulfill any dreams without money. Walter had a dreamof investing money in a liquor store to raise the standard of livingfor his family. Even if he wasnt successful, he would always knowthat he tried his best, which would give him the pride and joy of notgiving up again. Unfortunately, the family had no money that he coulduse for investing. Yeah. You see, this little liquor store we got inmind cost seventy-five thousand and we figured the initial investmenton the place be bout thirty thousand, see. T... ... friends to somefinancial issues. Another time when I was affected by lack of moneywas on my golden birthday. I was routine 5 and I had never been toIndia before. All I wanted to do for my birthday was go to India andsee what it was like. It wouldve been like a dream come true to go.Unfortunately, my family did not have enough money at that time forall 10 of my family members to go, so I spent the birthday at home.In summary, success is not reached without the aid of money. In ARaisin in the Sun, no one was able to accomplish his or her dreamsbecause their family lacked one thing, money. For that reason, theYounger familys growth of success was inhibited. It is hard forpeople to succeed whose qualities are let down by poverty. Now days,thousands and thousands of people cannot complete their dreams for onesimple reason- they have no money.

The Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and Wilhelm

The coordinate and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and Wilhelm GrimmThe story of Rapunzel, by the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, has the same basic social structure as all other fairyland tales born from the oral tradition what is commonly referred to as the opening, master(prenominal) part and ending, is the foundation of the tale. It is around this clearly delimitate three-part structure of the plot, that invisible layers of meaning exist often very different for each reader. betwixt the clever design of the plot which allows several stories to surface at bottom a seeming individual tale and multiple layers underneath the literal action, exists a outright journey of personal exploration. A fairy tale such as Rapunzel has many possible functions in a childs life and culture explaining the desire for the tale to be read term and time again by the eager young mind.The opening of the story establishes a number of things the characters (with the riddance of the prince), their dispositions, and the first task. The short existence is also in itself a short story, with its own three-part structure. Rapunzels mother, also known as the wife, by persuading her husband to slip ones mind a head of lettuce from the mesmerise, sends him on his journey. The husbands toleration of his task finalizes the opening of the introduction. The following two trips to the forbidden garden, and his encounter and, later, his deal with the witch, complete the main part of still only the beginning of the story of Rapunzel. When the witch appears during the heroines birth and takes her away, the story of Rapunzels mother and father is complete, and in turn, so is the introduction to the tale.The conversion from the introduction to the main pa... ... on a subconscious mind level due to complex interactions between the plot, characterization and symbols. Length and detail are not relevant in what a fairy tale comparable Rapunzel achieves its accomp lishments are made possible by the strict structure of the plot which holds within itself often potential and multiple features, as well as the communications that exist between author and reader likely without either one knowing it. Our dearie fairy tale has a reason for holding a special place in our heart whether we know it or not, as does the story we love life to hate and continue to read and re-read. Like the human psyche, the fairy tale can be studied not only rewardingly but without an end. kit and boodle CitedBettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment. New York Alfred Knopf, 1976.Hallett, Martin and Barbara Karasek, ed. Folk & Fairy Tales. Toronto Broadview, 2002. The Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and WilhelmThe Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and Wilhelm GrimmThe story of Rapunzel, by the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, has the same basic structure as all other fairy tales born from the oral traditi on what is commonly referred to as the opening, main part and ending, is the foundation of the tale. It is around this clearly defined three-part structure of the plot, that invisible layers of meaning exist often very different for each reader. Between the clever design of the plot which allows several stories to surface within a seeming individual tale and multiple layers underneath the literal action, exists a limitless journey of personal exploration. A fairy tale such as Rapunzel has many possible functions in a childs life and development explaining the desire for the tale to be read time and time again by the eager young mind.The opening of the story establishes a number of things the characters (with the exception of the prince), their dispositions, and the first task. The short introduction is also in itself a short story, with its own three-part structure. Rapunzels mother, also known as the wife, by persuading her husband to steal a head of lettuce from the witch , sends him on his journey. The husbands acceptance of his task finalizes the opening of the introduction. The following two trips to the forbidden garden, and his encounter and, later, his deal with the witch, complete the main part of still only the beginning of the story of Rapunzel. When the witch appears during the heroines birth and takes her away, the story of Rapunzels mother and father is complete, and in turn, so is the introduction to the tale.The conversion from the introduction to the main pa... ... on a subconscious level due to complex interactions between the plot, characterization and symbols. Length and detail are not relevant in what a fairy tale like Rapunzel achieves its accomplishments are made possible by the strict structure of the plot which holds within itself much potential and multiple features, as well as the communications that exist between author and reader likely without either one knowing it. Our favorite fairy tale has a reason for holding a special place in our heart whether we know it or not, as does the story we love to hate and continue to read and re-read. Like the human psyche, the fairy tale can be studied not only rewardingly but without an end. Works CitedBettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment. New York Alfred Knopf, 1976.Hallett, Martin and Barbara Karasek, ed. Folk & Fairy Tales. Toronto Broadview, 2002.

The Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and Wilhelm

The Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and Wilhelm GrimmThe story of Rapunzel, by the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, has the same basic mental synthesis as all other fairy floors born from the oral custom what is commonly referred to as the opening, main part and ending, is the foundation of the tale. It is around this clearly defined three-part structure of the dapple, that invisible layers of meaning hold up often very assorted for each reader. Between the clever design of the plot which allows several stories to surface within a seeming individual tale and multiple layers underneath the material action, exists a limitless journey of personal exploration. A fairy tale such as Rapunzel has many possible functions in a childs life and development explaining the desire for the tale to be read time and time again by the eager young mind.The opening of the story establishes a number of things the characters (with the exception of the prince), their dispositions, and the first task. The suddenly introduction is also in itself a short story, with its own three-part structure. Rapunzels mother, also known as the wife, by persuading her husband to steal a head of lettuce from the witch, sends him on his journey. The husbands acceptance of his task finalizes the opening of the introduction. The following two trips to the forbidden garden, and his encounter and, later, his plough with the witch, complete the main part of still only the beginning of the story of Rapunzel. When the witch appears during the heroines birth and takes her away, the story of Rapunzels mother and father is complete, and in turn, so is the introduction to the tale.The conversion from the introduction to the main pa... ... on a subconscious direct due to complex interactions between the plot, characterization and symbols. Length and flesh out argon not relevant in what a fairy tale like Rapunzel achieves its accomplishments are made possible by th e strict structure of the plot which holds within itself much potential and multiple features, as well as the communications that exist between author and reader likely without either whizz knowing it. Our favorite fairy tale has a reason for holding a finical place in our heart whether we know it or not, as does the story we love to hate and continue to read and re-read. Like the human psyche, the fairy tale can be studied not only rewardingly but without an end. Works CitedBettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment. New York Alfred Knopf, 1976.Hallett, Martin and Barbara Karasek, ed. Folk & Fairy Tales. Toronto Broadview, 2002. The Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and WilhelmThe Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and Wilhelm GrimmThe story of Rapunzel, by the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, has the same basic structure as all other fairy tales born from the oral tradition what is commonly referred to as the opening , main part and ending, is the foundation of the tale. It is around this clearly defined three-part structure of the plot, that invisible layers of meaning exist often very different for each reader. Between the clever design of the plot which allows several stories to surface within a seeming individual tale and multiple layers underneath the literal action, exists a limitless journey of personal exploration. A fairy tale such as Rapunzel has many possible functions in a childs life and development explaining the desire for the tale to be read time and time again by the eager young mind.The opening of the story establishes a number of things the characters (with the exception of the prince), their dispositions, and the first task. The short introduction is also in itself a short story, with its own three-part structure. Rapunzels mother, also known as the wife, by persuading her husband to steal a head of lettuce from the witch, sends him on his journey. The husbands acce ptance of his task finalizes the opening of the introduction. The following two trips to the forbidden garden, and his encounter and, later, his deal with the witch, complete the main part of still only the beginning of the story of Rapunzel. When the witch appears during the heroines birth and takes her away, the story of Rapunzels mother and father is complete, and in turn, so is the introduction to the tale.The conversion from the introduction to the main pa... ... on a subconscious level due to complex interactions between the plot, characterization and symbols. Length and detail are not relevant in what a fairy tale like Rapunzel achieves its accomplishments are made possible by the strict structure of the plot which holds within itself much potential and multiple features, as well as the communications that exist between author and reader likely without either one knowing it. Our favorite fairy tale has a reason for holding a special place in our heart whether we know it or not, as does the story we love to hate and continue to read and re-read. Like the human psyche, the fairy tale can be studied not only rewardingly but without an end. Works CitedBettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment. New York Alfred Knopf, 1976.Hallett, Martin and Barbara Karasek, ed. Folk & Fairy Tales. Toronto Broadview, 2002.

Agnes Martin

Agnes M trickin is a renowned Canadian-Ameri after part keyer who was born in March 22, 1912 and passed away on December 16, 2004. Agnes go forwardd to the US in 1931 and became an American Citizen in 1950. She was born in a Canadian town referred to as Macklin located in Saskatchewan.The university of New Mexico and Columbia University were the two education institutions where Agnes did her art studies. Initi on the wholey, Agnes progress to was closely related to New Mexicos Taos town where several artists had settled. In 1957 Betty Parson who was a g anyery owner discovered Agnes Martin.This made Agnes move to New York but she later went back to New Mexico in 1967. This was followed by her establishment as an artist in northern New Mexico in the States (Fer, B. 2005).Agnes artistic style integrated the use of square grids in her work. Her work earned her the title a minimalist. As an artist, artist preferred to be seen as an abstract expressionist. Un standardised early(a) art ists who got involved in social events Agnes Martin rarely participated in social events.Agnes Martins art work has been recognized all over the world as the works of a gifted artist. Some of her paintings are found in various museums.Examples of museums where Agnes Martins art work can be found include, Guggenheim Museum, Indianapolis Museum of Art(Indiana),Agnes Martins at the National Gallery of Art(Washington), the Museum of Modern Art(New York), and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Through her work for four decades, Martins work is esteem for being very unique .Some of the attributes of her art work is the combination of ideal geometry, and the achievement of emotions from the paintings.Her work has attracted both(prenominal) positive and negative sentiments from other artists. In this paper, both the positive and the negative views by other artists about Agnes Martins work will be discussed.DiscussionPositive sagacity by ArtistsOne way in which Agnes Martins work has bee n appreciated is through her paintings force to counteract any negative thoughts or emotions. In addition, the paintings are able to promote some home(a) calmness. The calmness that an single experienced from looking at Martins paintings was very vital in encouraging stableness in a world that was experiencing great changes in the mid-sixties and 1970s.For instance, the American society was experiencing great changes which were closely related to the sexual and racial identity. The paintings were able to inspire people to be calm and stable despite all the changes that were being experienced in the society.Agnes Martin through her work tried to explain that art was not supposed to be an instrument of social change, and this is seen by the other artists as being one of the positive effect of her work. The work was admired by many as a source of peoples stability in a society that was full of great social changes.Agnes Martins work has received support from other artists due to the works ability to attract and hold the attention of a viewer. In art, any artist is expected to have his or her work encourages the viewers to stop and look at the work.Martin was therefore able to pass her message to the people much easily when the people got attracted to the paintings due to the eagerness the work created in viewers.Martins paintings have been detect to have an amazing richness which makes viewers to stop and look deeply into her work, which can be attributed to the viewers created instinctive need look at the paint images (Rodgers, T. 2005).A catalogue about her work in Martin and Richard Tuttles work (Modern Art Museum of Forth Worth) indicates that her work encourages a viewer to look at it just like the universe unfolds in a cosmic mystery. The viewer is able to attain some peace about life, because it is through wordlessness that people acquire comfort.Another positive opinion about Martins work is that, her paintings are an expression of joy. Through her wo rk, she was able to express joy as the lifes desired condition. This view was presumptuousness by Sister Wendy Beckett in her book titled, American Masterpieces.Becket was a British art expert who in the 1990s presented art history documentaries for the British publicize Corporation. According to Beckett, Martins paintings had the power to communicate peace, as well as to create great happiness in a persons inner world.The vigor in Martins work did not go unnoticed by the other artists. The great visual interest that people developed in her work was as a result of vigor. This has been stated as being one of the reasons why Martin was a successful artist.Many artists view Martins work as having being a great inspiration to the young artists who came after her. Her paintings acted as a great inspiration to other younger artists who were coming up in the 1970s (Agnes Martin Art Encyclopedia www.answers.com/topic/agnes-martin.2008).These young artists were attracted to Martins intense and personal art which was also characterized by a feature of being undemonstrative. cod to her art, the young artists such as Ellen Gallagher and Eva Hesse got inspired by Martins Abstract Expressionism.The spirit of Abstract Expressionism in Martins work was preserved by the pale color luminous fields that were created by the hand-drawn pencil lines that were in the paintings. The paintings sometimes had horizontal graphite lines which were combined with color bands which had vigorous strokes.This changed, such that Martin would use black, white, and fair-haired(a) colors instead of the pale colors in her paintings.

Consumer Buying Behavior of Hybrid Vehicles Essay

Introduction 1 Background of the Study With the air pollution level rising day by day caused by the sacking from conventional vehicles, many government bodies find put in effort to enforce emission control policy since the new of 1960, and it is becoming strict with the EURO committee creation the leader until today, where their emission policy and grading system being accepted or referenced worldwide dismantle in Malaysia. The grading system based of emission cleanliness as of today is from Euro 1 to Euro 6, where Euro 1 being the worst emission standard and Euro 6 being the environmental friendly.This is the scene where nigh modern vehicles are outburstted with catalytic converter since late 1975, a simple device that git reduce the harmful emission much(prenominal) as un-burn hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide by converting them into cleaner substances such as oxygen and hydrogen through chemical catalyst gist within (Tony & Andrew, 2006). The effect of this is that the ris e of the awareness of arouse efficiency, as many will further relate that if fuel efficiency raise be increased, then the emission kindle be further improved, as well as to reduce wastage.Many automobile makers has since then began development of fuel efficient engine in site to make a stand, and consequently lead to the trend of Hybrid electric car Vehicle (HEV). 2 Problem Statement However, emission is only one environmental factor as there is other factor which bothers a driver financial aspect, the fuel and its prices. No matter the fuel is expensive and cheap, if one can travel further with a given set amount of fuel, then one can certainly save him/her some money (Tony & Andrew, 2006).And back to the environmental area, fossil fuel is non-renewable energy resources and depletion is certainly inevitable. This is why in recent years, many western automobile makers started to look into building fuel efficient vehicles, by building fuel efficient engines through various ways, most notably by downsizing the engine displacement and compensate it with force induction such as low pressure turbocharger. The effect of this implementation is that using a small capacity engine but can achieve the creator slant of a high capacity engine, yet with lower fuel consumption.However back in the eastern automobile industry, where the Japanese being the leader they had something else in mind, not only they wanted fuel efficiency but at the same time they wished to maximize the go green concept. Henceforth they come up with the idea of interbreeding vehicle, where in general terms a vehicle is powered by 2 sources of input, which is a normal internal combustion engine, aliveness by an additional electric motor which requires special battery pack.The advantages of this implementation is that the fuel consumption and emission is superior over the formal, while the drawback is the importanttenance and greet of replacement for faulty battery pack is very expensive. Wi th the crisscross being the hot trend now given the promising sales figures from European countries and the USA, in the main the maintenance factor is not an issue for them, however in this research we need to find out the factors that influence a buyer into considering, buying a loan-blend vehicle over here in Malaysia, as the crown of thorns trend is still very new here in Malaysia, generally kickoff on the year of 2006 where Honda introduces Civic Hybrid.However with the recent tax resistance on crossbreeding vehicles from the Malaysia government, the trend seems to be changing positively and now we project several models from Honda and Toyota to offer in response to the policy. 3 Research Objectives a) What are the factors that influence consumer into considering a hybrid vehicle? b) What are the factors that support consumer into buying a hybrid vehicle?c) What are the factors that consumer worries about when purchasing a hybrid vehicle? 4 Significance of the Study This study into the factors that affect the buying stopping point of hybrid vehicles in Malaysia could project the trend and adoption of hybrid vehicles here in Malaysia. With that information, local automobile makers can consider into developing our own hybrid vehicles to offer the local markets a broader choice, as well as to stay competitive in the market. Additionally, this will be a good catalyst to spark off off Go Green concept into consumers mind that is beneficial to the restoration and perseverance of the environment.5 Scope of the Study In this research, we will first grow a general look and introduction into both the low pressure force induction technology and the hybrid technology further then equate and contrast the pros and cons in detail. With both concept understood, we will begin to focus on the trend of hybrid vehicles here in Malaysia, finding out the factors that support or deter the acceptance of hybrid vehicle through questionnaire aimed at hybrid owners and p otential hybrid owners, from then we can know what are the main factors and concern of buyer upon making a decision for a hybrid vehicle, and then conclude what can be done to further increase the acceptance level of hybrid vehicles.Literature Review According to Markel & Simpson (2006), the implementation of hybrid electric vehicles can effectively reduce petroleum consumption up to 30% when compared to conventional vehicle, however a fully plug-in hybrid electric vehicle shall be undergo development to further improve the savings and reduce the wastage, as current hybrid electric vehicles uses electric motor powered by battery pack to assist the engine, which is costly when one needs to replace, and it did not countenance much desired power.The manufacturer can of course put in a bigger battery pack to punch out develop power and durability, but with every 15% of improvement the cost is nearly doubled.This issue is also mentioned before way back in year 2001, where the developme nt of hybrid vehicles began with the aim in providing a superior fuel efficiency vehicles with minimal wastage and pollutants emitted, in prior to address two major problems (Allella et al, 2001) a) Consumption of fuel populace petroleum reserves and residues are unlikely able to sustain against the ever growing necessity of consumption b) Pollution Generally referred to the harmful emission that can damage the environmental health.The most common hybrid vehicle design is found within the famous Japanese automobile makers, respectively the Honda & the Toyota. The idea is to fit an electric motor powered by a battery pack that will recharge itself using the lost energy during the braking procedure, to assist a smaller capacity conventional engine in acceleration. With the motor assistant, the engine need not work and rev up that hard to get the vehicle lamentable therefore fuel consumption can be lowered. When certain conditions are met, the vehicles may also run solely on the el ectric motor itself most probably during low speed cruising.Putting the vehicle design aside, as stated by Kuo & Wang (2011), the disciplinary in driving, as well as the clime is major factor in reducing fuel consumption. Kuo & Wang pointed out that in countries that have tropical climate, such as those near to the equator, tend to have higher(prenominal) fuel consumption index compared to other countries with 4 seasons climate, this is mainly due to the fact that fuel burns better and more efficient when the air temperature is colder, as colder air is more dense and henceforth carries more oxygen molecules.Other than that, since the temperature is generally high throughout the year for tropical climate countries, drivers tend to careen on the air-conditioner (A/C) most of the time to withstand the hot weather, and A/C draws power from the engine to power up the compressor and cooling coil, therefore it results in going away of power from engine and leads to higher fuel consumpti on. On the disciplinary side, traveling below or way above the optimum speed of a vehicle, normally around 90KM/H to 110KM/H will affect the fuel consumption, where most drivers tend to speed when the chances arise.One should also try to plan their traveling lane ahead, in order to avoid unnecessary traffic congestion which can result in poor fuel consumption, as start-stop driving proven to have 60% increased fuel consumption compared to smooth non-stop driving. This is generally experienced by most drivers that they can achieve better mileage if they travel on the highway often. Research Methodology 1 Theoretical Framework pic 2 Generation of Hypothesis Assume thata) H0 = Null Hypothesis (No family relationship between IV & DV) b) H1 = Alternative Hypothesis (Significant relationship between IV & DV) H1 H0 There is no relationship between maintenance and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. H1 There is evidentiary relationship between maintenance and purchase decision of h ybrid vehicles. H2 H0 There is no relationship between fuel consumption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. H1 There is significant relationship between fuel consumption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. H3 H0 There is no relationship between tax exemption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. H1 There is significant relationship between tax exemption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. H4 H0 There is no relationship between personal view and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. H1 There is significant relationship between personal view and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. Conclusion In conclusion, no matter it is partial hybrid or fully plug-in hybrid, the main objectives are to prolong the sustainability of petroleum through improved fuel consumption.By going green, the hybrid technology can also help in reducing wastage and guarantee cleaner emission that can contribute to better environmental health and quality. Therefore with all the benefits and savings, we should try to adopt and embrace the implementation of hybrid vehicles. However, there is still room for improvement given the hybrid technology is still new within a decade of time. Government should come out with policy that can help greatly in promoting the interpretation of this green technology. Reference1) Allella et al, (2001), Negative Log-gamma Distribution for Data Uncertainty Modeling in dependableness Analysis of Complex System Methodology and Robustness, International daybook of Quality and Reliability Management, Vol. 18, Napoli, Italy. 2) Allela et al, (2005), Optimal Reliability Allocation Under Uncertain Conditions With Application to Hybrid Vehicle Design Online, International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, Vol. 22, Napoli, Italy. Available from (www. emeraldinsight. com/0265-671X. htm) Accessed June 6 2011 3) Apaydin O.& Gonullu MT, (2008), Emission Control With Route Optimization In Solid Waste Collection Process, Vol. 33, Sadhana. 4)Davis S. & Diegel S, (2004), Transportation Energy Databook, 24th Edition. 5) Duval M, (2004), Advanced Batteries for Electric Drive Vehicles, EPRI. 6) Hirsch et al, (2005), Peaking of World Oil Production Impracts, Risks, and Mitigation. 7) Kuo Y. & Wang CC, (2011), Optimizing the VRP by Minimizing Fuel Consumption Online, International Journal of Management of Environmental Quality, Vol.22. Available from (www. emeraldinsight. com/1477-7835. htm) Accessed 8 June 2011 8) Markel T. & Simpson A, (2005), Energy store Considerations for Grid-Charged Hybrid Electric Vehicles, IEEE Vehicular Technologies Conference, Chicago, IL. 9) Markel T. & Simpson A, (2006), Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System Design Online, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, available from (http//www. nrel. gov/vehiclesandfuels/vsa/pdfs/39614. pdf) Accessed 8 June 2011.

Developing a Counseling Plan Essay

As a counselor one constantly strives to help clients become successful members of society. In order to become successful in society one must be mentally healthy, at that place atomic number 18 clients that are so unhealthy mentally and that have struggled so much passim their childhood and through adolescents that as a counselor you work and push that much harder to help your client overcome those obstacles. In some cases ones focus potty prevent a negative manner and provide for a safer society.This case depicts a client that falls under those circumstances. As a client, nates Wayne Gacy provide be introduced to Family Therapy to help him understand his family milieu and help him to cope and or vary the counselling he feels about his family life. The counseling plan will freshet with basin Wayne Gacys issues of his sire being an alcoholic, his fetch abusing him and the rest of his family, him liking boys, as well as his anti-social ways at school. These will be int ercommunicate by looking at creating a genogram. When looking at the research it is favorable to use family therapy in order to despatch change within the family environment by looking at trouble solving abilities, looking at the positive rather than the negative, and accepting family members. Case learningMy client is potty Wayne Gacy, a 15 year old boy living in Chicago, Illinois. He is a white male and has been referred by a judge to undergo a psych evaluation, after his psych evaluation he began coming to see me. This is Gacys for the first time time seeking help from a licensed counselor. Presenting Problems rears presenting problems are his render is an abusive alcoholic, John is attracted to boys, and John is anti-social at school. These three things lead to much sloppiness in Johns life which led to him earr severally voices. John wants to see if family therapy could change some of his issues and feels that by going to family therapy his home environment might chang e into a more supportive one. Family Background and developmental HistoryJohn Wayne Gacy, the son of Marion Elaine Robinson Gacy and John Wayne GacySr. was born on March 17th 1942 in Chicago, Illinois. His parents were of Polish and Danish heritage (Bell). John was the middle(a) child of three he had an older sister Joanne and a younger sister Karen. John and his sisters were brought up Catholic and went to catholic school. The environment in which he was raised in was that of middle class, he had a part-time job after school and was involved with the boy scouts.John and his two sisters were raised by a father that was an alcoholic he abused them and their m early(a). John was not popular in school and was often left out of the loop. John had a playground incident at age 11 which led to him having a blood clot and the clot caused him to have blackouts (Bell & Bardsley). He could not play with the other kids because he had a heart condition which was another reason he was looked dow n upon by his father he saw it as another shortcoming. John also discovered that he liked boys and often struggled with dealing with his sexuality (Bell). Johns father in a way resented him for this. He matt-up that it was a sign of weakness or another fault that John had. Current Living and Work EnvironmentJohn is involved in many an(prenominal) organizations within the fellowship. He is a hard worker that often suffered from exhaustion and anxiety from the pressure he put on himself to succeed. John was a father and husband and had a house in the suburbs. All of this came to a screeching halt when rumors of Gacy liking boys surfaced. Multiple charges and even a prison sentence were transfer down to Gacy for the assault of a young boy. Physical Appearance, Mood, and DemeanorJohn was overweight and had heart and back problems however, it did not stop him from his work or community activities. Gacy was sentenced to ten years in prison for assaulting a young boy. Gacy was in denial saying that the young boy willingly participated in the sexual acts in order to make extra money. He also did not take responsibility for his actions and tried to place blame on others. Gacys has an anti-social personality and is mentally competent. When he was in prison he followed rules and was not violent. Gacy took on different personalities as well as went through many different moods (Inside John Wayne Gacys Mind). focusing PlanThis counseling plan uses Family Therapy. Families are governances of interconnected and interdependent individuals, none of whom can be understood in isolation from the system.(Genopro) essentially family members feed off each other, positivity feeds positivity and vice versa. The best way to put together a treatment plan is to build your family genogram. Study your own behavior patterns and how they fit in with the rest of your family throughout generations. This will bring out options in which could be used in order to solve problems and figure out how one fits into the family and what ones role is within the family (Genopro). The genogram structure of family therapy will allow John and me to create a counseling plan very easily. conceptualisation of Clients Presenting Problem and Developmental HistoryJohn shows signs of multiple personality disorder as well as having an anti-social personality. John also hears voices. Family Therapy eludes to the feature that Family development and the environment that he was brought up in, along with family makeup could be a contributor to why John suffers from what he does (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). Family patterns or expectations are looked at in many ways from parental beliefs, personalities, and extended family influence. This allows each family to be unique in their own ways. This uniqueness can be very sweep over and takes a toll on all members whether it is negative or positive (Pope).For example, Johns father puts a lot of pressure on him to be successful. Johns shortcomings we re looked down upon by his father most likely do to the beliefs and personality that he formed based upon his parental upbringing. John admits that his father was abusive to his mom, sisters, and him as well. John took on many personalities and even called himself pogo the clown at times. John was attracted to boys and this is something that has haunted him his whole life and the reason he is in the predicament he is in. He hated being a disappointment to his father and he was always looking to please his father. Johns confusion with his sexuality ultimately lead to him killing those he sexually encountered because the voices he heard were telling him it would please his father. In session we will discuss with Johnand his family ways in which the environment John is brought up in could be altered. Conceptualization of Human Nature According to Family TheoryThe goal of Family Therapy models is to take the problem presented by the individual dealing with their relationships with other people in the family setting and change the negative aspects (Franklin). The Family Therapy counselor believes the development of family life include family life cycle, family life spiral, and the family genogram (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011) The family life spiral looks at how the members of the family go through the stages of development from young to old age. The family life spiral looks at generations and how they coincide with each other. The genogram charts development of generations. counsel GoalsThe overall objective is for John Wayne Gacy to be able to find a way to cope with his anger towards his father and to be able to behave how his fathers abuse towards the family affected him in a negative way. John said he wants to break down the barrier between him and his father because he loves him and ultimately wants to make him proud. To advocate for this Johns goal is to try and change the cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of his family system (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). I n other words he wants to change the environment in the Gacy household completely around. The abuse needs to stop, the constant pressure needs to stop, and the pointing out of his weaknesses needs to be approached differently. Course of TreatmentIn order to get a complete understanding I believe the first action that needs to be taken is the nuclear family emotional system needs to be broken down, what this is looking at is the possible relationships with in a family and look at where problems could possibly come about. For John, 3 of the relationship patterns are touched upon in his situation. His father is abusive to his mother and siblings, in Johns fathers eyes there is an impairment of John because he likes boys, and lastly there is an emotional disturbance suffered by John because of his fathers view of him (Genpro).The second part that needs to be addressed is differentiation of self which is the settlement on others to separate acceptance and approval. This is something Jo hn struggled with and never received from his father. He never felt like his father truly accepted him or canonical of the life style that he lived (Genpro). John agreed to do 2 things a day to satisfy his needs, meaning if he wanted to work in the community do it because it made him feel good not because he wants or needs approval from his father. Treatment plan was developed and signed by John and we will meet on a weekly basis. Family Therapy InterventionsDue to John stating that the pressure his father puts on him within the family system to be successful, the first intervention to be used will be the family interview. We will follow the five stages of the interview which are social, problem, interaction, goal setting, and ending (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). This interview will give me the tools necessary to properly assess the situation. The interview will also help John and his family understands how each other feels and come up with some interventions to help facilitate change. the first obligation of a therapist is to change the presenting problem offered. If that is not accomplished, the therapy is a failure (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). The first intervention needs to address the problem that John has presented, based upon the interview the interventions that will be implemented will be geared towards progressing with Johns presenting problem. Research SupportThe research that was obtained was very helpful in forming a counseling plan or treatment plan for this particular client. Family Therapy is known for helping individuals whose presenting problems deal with issues that stem from the family and the environment the individual was brought up in. Family therapy is the best way to look at the patterns of communication and the relationships that connect people with one another and to their social and physical environments (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011, p. 287). In this case we will be looking at how John fits into his family and what his fathers expectations are of John. Interviewing as an intervention will be crucial in figuring out John place in the family and seeing how his and his fathers view of the roles conflict with each other.Family therapy allows for Johnand his family to work on their problem solving with each other within the family, expressing their individuality with each other, discussing the positive and negative aspect of their family atmosphere as well as with each other on an individual basis, and lastly the acceptance of each other (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). Family therapy allows for clients to understand their environments as well as to understand their role within that environment. The counselors role within the session is to basically level the discussion and conduct the interview. Family Therapy I feel is the best theory to use for a client such as John Wayne Gacy due to his confusion within his family, particularly when it comes to the relationship with his father and the expectation that his father has for him or at l east how John see those expectations. ConclusionThis counseling plan reviewed the use of Family Therapy for counseling John Wayne Gacy. Family Therapy is designed to be an extensive look at John Wayne Gacys family makeup. John Wayne Gacys presenting problems are his father abusing him and his family, his father being an alcoholic, he struggles with his sexuality, and he is anti-social. Family therapy is used to deal with these concerns, so for John, the counseling objective is to find a way to cope with his anger towards his father and to be able to express how his fathers abuse towards the family affected him in a negative way. The counseling plan addresses Johns concerns of worrying about his fathers abuse and constant push for perfection as well as his anti-social tendencies. Due the treatment plan and goals presented and the attitude of John to want to get better, I feel that Family Therapy will be successful for John Wayne Gacy as well as his family.ReferencesBell, R., & Bardsl ey, M. (n.d.). John wayne gacy jr. In R. BELL (Ed.), Retrieved from http//www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notorious/gacy/gacy_1.html Bell, R. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.biography.com/people/john-wayne-gacy-10367544 Capuzzi, D., & Gross, D. R. (Ed.). (2011). Counseling and psychotherapy Theories and interventions (5th ed.). Alexandria, VA American Counseling AssociationFranklin, C. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.utexas.edu/courses/franklin/62670/Week1.html GenoPro. Family systems theory. Retrieved fromhttp//www.genopro.com/genogram/family-systems-theory/Inside John Wayne Gacys Mind. Chicago CBS. Retrieved from http//chicago.cbslocal.com/video/6658917-inside-john-wayne-gacys-mind/ Pope, J. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.webmd.com/balance/family-therapy-6301

William Edwards Deming

Mike LaVine 12/12/12 Individual assignment 2 William Edwards Deming William Edwards Deming was an American statistician professor. He was in addition considered an author, consultant, and lecturer. Deming is most famous for his wager done in Japan where he taught top management how to improve design, service, testing, persona, and sales through m either of his unique methods. Deming do a significant contribution the Japans economic status for the innovation of high lineament products. He is said to have the highest impact on Japanese manufacturing and dividing line of any non-native Japanese person.Demings work also grew in the United States and he received the National Medal of Technology in 1987 and the Distinguished Career in Science award from the National Academy of Sciences in 1988. It is stated Dr. W. Edwards Deming taught that by adopting appropriate principles of management, organizations can increase quality and concurrently reduce costs (by reducing waste, rework, s taff attrition and litigation while increasing customer loyalty). The key is to practice continual improvement and think of manufacturing as a system, not as bits and pieces. Deming is well known for his Deming system of profound knowledge. Deming said all managers needed to have this system of profound knowledge and it consisted of quartet parts. First, was appreciation of a system understanding the overall processes involving suppliers, producers, and customers of good and services. Second, Knowledge of variation the range and causes of variation in quality, and se of statistical sampling in measurements. Next, the theory of knowledge the concepts explaining knowledge and the limits of what can be known. And last, knowledge of psychology concepts of human nature. One need not be eminent in any part nor in all four parts in order to understand it and to apply it. Once the individual understands the system of profound knowledge, he will apply its principles in every kind of relati onship with other mess. He will have a basis for judgment of his own decisions and for transformation of the organizations that he belongs to, says Deming. It is said the first thing that has to happen in this system is the person must be transformed. Once the person is transformed, he will see stark naked meaning in his life. The individual will set a good example, be a good listener and teach others.Deming is also famous for his work in creating the 14 points for management. The System of Profound Knowledge is the basis for application of Demings famous 14 Points for Management. These principles conquered managers to achieve a better understanding of how to transform business effectiveness. The 14 points were released for the first time in his book, Out of the Crisis. These 14 points are, 1. Create constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service, with the aim to become competitive, stay in business and to provide jobs. . Adopt the new philosophy. We are in a new economic age. Western management must awaken to the challenge, must apprize their responsibilities, and take on leadership for change. 3. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. Eliminate the need for massive inspection by building quality into the product in the first place. 4. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of a price tag. kind of, minimize impart cost. Move towards a single supplier for any one item, on a long-term relationship of loyalty and trust. 5.Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service, to improve quality and productivity, and thus constantly decrease costs. 6. establish training on the job. 7. Institute leadership (see Point 12 and Ch. 8 of Out of the Crisis). The aim of supervision should be to help people and machines and gadgets do a better job. Supervision of management is in need of overhaul, as well as supervision of production workers. 8. get out fear, so that everyone may work effectively for the compan y. (See Ch. 3 of Out of the Crisis) 9. Break down barriers between departments.People in research, design, sales, and production must work as a aggroup, in order to foresee problems of production and usage that may be encountered with the product or service. 10. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force asking for slide fastener defects and new levels of productivity. Such exhortations only create adversarial relationships, as the bulk of the causes of low quality and low productivity belong to the system and thus lie beyond the power of the work force. 11. a. Eliminate work standards (quotas) on the factory floor. Substitute with leadership. b. Eliminate management by objective.Eliminate management by numbers and numerical goals. Instead substitute with leadership. 12. a. Remove barriers that rob the hourly worker of his right to pride of workmanship. The responsibility of supervisors must be changed from sheer numbers to quality. b. Remove barriers that rob people in management and in engineering of their right to pride of workmanship. This means, inter alia, abolishment of the annual or merit rating and of management by objectives 13. Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement. 14. Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation.The transformation is everybodys job. I fully agree with Demings teachings. I believe the system of profound knowledge is very effective system in engaging all aspects of an organization. It takes into account suppliers, producers and consumers and how they are all interrelated and increases flexibility. I believe Demings key principles involve every aspect of the organization to improve output and workmanship as well as working conditions, this includes minimizing total cost for employees, improves management for employees, creates a better working environment, and improves output.As a manager, I would use the 14 key principle points in bettering the working environ ment for employees. It would allow me to better take on leadership and change in the organization, help to minimize total cost and move into long term relationships with other organizations, invite more training on the job to improve productivity, supervise to help people do a better job, and work as a team with other departments to increase company productivity. I have learned that transformation is everybodys job and it would give me a whole different outlook as a manager.References Deming, W. Edwards. Those Lean Years at Wyoming U. (2011). Retrieved November 24, 2012, from http//deming. org/index. cfm? content=63 McInnis, D. (2011). W. Edwards Deming of Powell, wyo. The man who helped shape the world. Retrieved November 24/2012 from http//www. wyohistory. org/encyclopedia/w-edwards-deming Madison, J. (n. d. ). Ed Deming A Pioneer and Prophet of wide Quality Management. Retrieved November 25, 2012, from http//www. stfrancis. edu/content/ba/stuwebs/biograph/deming2. htm.

Operation Magement

PROBLEMS 1. Lead time for oneness of Montegut Manufacturings fastest moving products is 4 days. Demand during this period averages ampere-second units per day. What would be an appropriate re-order catch? Re-order point = crave during lead time = 100 units/day * 4 days = 400 units. 2. Montegut Manufacturing produces a product for which the annual necessity is 10,000 units. Production averages 100 per day, while demand is 40 per day. Holding lives are $1. 00 per unit per year set-up monetary values $200. 00. If they wish to produce this product in economic batches, what size batch should be used?What is the maximum inventory level? How umpteen order cycles are there per year? How very much does circumspection of this good in inventory appeal the firm for each one year? This problem requires economic order quantity, noninstantaneous delivery. picor 1826 units. The maximum inventory level is picor 1095 units. There are approximately pic cycles per year. yearly inventory mana gement costs total pic= $2,190. 89 or $2,191. 3. Central University uses $123,000 of a particular toner cartridge for laser printers in the student computer labs each year.The purchasing film director of the university estimates the ordering cost at $45 and thinks that the university can hold this type of inventory at an annual storage cost of 22% of the purchase price. How umteen months supply should the purchasing director order at one time to minimize the total annual cost of purchasing and carrying? First, organise the EOQ from the data provided. In this problem, the units are dollars, and the price of each is 1. pic One months usage is 123000/12 = $10,250. EOQ = 7094. Months usage = 7094/10250 = 0. 9, or about three workweeks usage. (This is back up by the order frequency of 17 per year). 4. The soft goods department of a bombastic department store sells clxxv units per month of a certain large bath towel. The unit cost of a towel to the store is $2. 50 and the cost of pl acing an order has been estimated to be $12. 00. The store uses an inventory carrying fight of 27% per year. mend the optimal order quantity, order frequency, and the annual cost of inventory management. If, through automation of the purchasing process, the ordering cost can be cut to $4. 0, what impart be the new economic order quantity, order frequency, and annual inventory management cost? Explain these results. Annual demand is 175 x 12 = 2100. At S=$12, the EOQ is 273 units, and there are about 8 orders per year. Annual costs of inventory management are $184. 44. These results are fine in the calculations below. pic pic pic At S=$4, EOQ falls to 158, and order frequency rises to 13. Annual inventory management costs fall to $106. 48. The lower order cost encourages smaller, more than frequent orders. pic pic pic 5. A printing company estimates that it leave alone require 1,000 reams of a certain type of paper in a given period. The cost of carrying one unit in inventory f or that period is 50 cents. The company buys the paper from a wholesaler in the alike town, sending its own truck to strip up the orders at a fixed cost of $20. 00 per trip. Treating this cost as the order cost, what is the optimum number of reams to buy at one time? How many times should divide of this size be bought during this period?What is the minimum cost of maintaining inventory on this item for the period? Of this total cost, how much is carrying cost and how much is ordering cost? This is an EOQ problem, even though the time period is not a year. All that is required is that the demand value and the carrying cost share the same time reference. This will require approximately 3. 5 orders per period. Setup costs and carrying costs are each $70. 71, and the annual total is $141. 42. pic pic Carrying cost =pic setup cost = picOperation MagementPROBLEMS 1. Lead time for one of Montegut Manufacturings fastest moving products is 4 days. Demand during this period averages 100 un its per day. What would be an appropriate re-order point? Re-order point = demand during lead time = 100 units/day * 4 days = 400 units. 2. Montegut Manufacturing produces a product for which the annual demand is 10,000 units. Production averages 100 per day, while demand is 40 per day. Holding costs are $1. 00 per unit per year set-up costs $200. 00. If they wish to produce this product in economic batches, what size batch should be used?What is the maximum inventory level? How many order cycles are there per year? How much does management of this good in inventory cost the firm each year? This problem requires economic order quantity, noninstantaneous delivery. picor 1826 units. The maximum inventory level is picor 1095 units. There are approximately pic cycles per year. Annual inventory management costs total pic= $2,190. 89 or $2,191. 3. Central University uses $123,000 of a particular toner cartridge for laser printers in the student computer labs each year.The purchasing direc tor of the university estimates the ordering cost at $45 and thinks that the university can hold this type of inventory at an annual storage cost of 22% of the purchase price. How many months supply should the purchasing director order at one time to minimize the total annual cost of purchasing and carrying? First, calculate the EOQ from the data provided. In this problem, the units are dollars, and the price of each is 1. pic One months usage is 123000/12 = $10,250. EOQ = 7094. Months usage = 7094/10250 = 0. 9, or about three weeks usage. (This is supported by the order frequency of 17 per year). 4. The soft goods department of a large department store sells 175 units per month of a certain large bath towel. The unit cost of a towel to the store is $2. 50 and the cost of placing an order has been estimated to be $12. 00. The store uses an inventory carrying charge of 27% per year. Determine the optimal order quantity, order frequency, and the annual cost of inventory management. If , through automation of the purchasing process, the ordering cost can be cut to $4. 0, what will be the new economic order quantity, order frequency, and annual inventory management cost? Explain these results. Annual demand is 175 x 12 = 2100. At S=$12, the EOQ is 273 units, and there are about 8 orders per year. Annual costs of inventory management are $184. 44. These results are detailed in the calculations below. pic pic pic At S=$4, EOQ falls to 158, and order frequency rises to 13. Annual inventory management costs fall to $106. 48. The lower order cost encourages smaller, more frequent orders. pic pic pic 5. A printing company estimates that it will require 1,000 reams of a certain type of paper in a given period. The cost of carrying one unit in inventory for that period is 50 cents. The company buys the paper from a wholesaler in the same town, sending its own truck to pick up the orders at a fixed cost of $20. 00 per trip. Treating this cost as the order cost, what is the optimum number of reams to buy at one time? How many times should lots of this size be bought during this period?What is the minimum cost of maintaining inventory on this item for the period? Of this total cost, how much is carrying cost and how much is ordering cost? This is an EOQ problem, even though the time period is not a year. All that is required is that the demand value and the carrying cost share the same time reference. This will require approximately 3. 5 orders per period. Setup costs and carrying costs are each $70. 71, and the annual total is $141. 42. pic pic Carrying cost =pic setup cost = pic

Unemployment and inflation

The face lift in energy hurts reduces the productiveness of smashing per worker. This causes sf(k) to shift down from sfl(k) to sf2(k). The leave alone is a pooh-pooh in steady-state k. Steady-state consumption per worker falls for two reasons (1) Each unit of capital has a lower productivity, and (2) steady-state k is reduced. population growth tempo permanently increase due to increased immigration Immigration raises n from nl to n2. The rise in n lowers steady-state k, leading toa lower steady-state consumption per worker. c.A temporary rise in s has no effect on the steady-state proportion. . The increase in the labor force participation prize does not affect the growth rate of the labor force, so there is no impact on the steady-state capital-labor ratio or on consumption per worker. However, because a larger fraction of the population is working, consumption per person increases. capitulum 4 How would each of the following affect the theme bringing, investment the ac cepted account balance and the strong delight rate in the large delivery (a) The home countrys saving flex shifts to the right, from Sl to S2.The real world invade rate falls, so that the current account surplus in the home country equals the current ccount deficit in the alien country. National S rises, I rises, CA rises, rw falls. (b) The foreign countrys saving cut back shifts to the right, from Sl For to S2For. The real world interest rate moldiness fall, so the current account surplus in the foreign country equals the current account deficit in the home country. National S falls, I rises, CA falls, rw falls.C The foreign countrys saving curve shifts to the left, from Sl For to S2For. The real world interest rate must rise, so the current account deficit in the foreign country equals the current account surplus in the home country. National S rises, I falls, CA ises, rw rises. (c) If Ricardian equivalence holds, there is no effect. If Ricardian equivalence does not hold, then the result is the similar as in part (b), as the toreign count saving curve shifts to the right.That is because all else equal, high(prenominal)(prenominal) taxes increase government saving more than they reduce private saving. Question 3. Explain how each of the following transaction would enter the Bahamas Question 3 a Income receipt from abroad citation entry in current account. b Import of assets debit entry in capital and financial account. (c Import of services debit entry in current account. (d Increase in foreign ownership of U. S. assets credit entry in capital and financial account. Question2.Assume (a) Desired consumption declines as the real interest rate rises because the higher return to saving encourages higher saving desired investment declines as the real interest rate rises becauses the user cost of capital is higher, reducing the desired capital stock, and thus investment. (b) Recall that Sd = Y -Cd G, so Sd = 9000 -Cd ld 2 6100 1 500 3 1400 1 ooo 4 5900 1300 1100 9200 5 1200 6 5700 equilibrium. Given Y 9000, the equili brium condition holds only at r = 5%. Atr = 5% it is also true that Sd = = 1200. Question 1Keynesians and classicals differ sharply in their beliefs or so how long it takes the economy to reach a long-run equilibrium. Classical economists believe that prices adjust rapidly (within a few months) to restore equilibrium in the represent of a shock, while Keynesians believe that prices adjust slowly, taking perhaps several years. Because of the time it takes for the economys equilibrium to be restored, Keynesians see an important role for the government in fighting recessions. But because classicals believe that equilibrium is restored quickly, theres no need for government policy to fght recessions.Since classicals think equilibrium is restored quickly in the face of shocks, coalesce choose shocks cant cause recessions, since they cant affect product for very long. So classical economists think recessions are caus ed by aggregate supply shocks. Keynesians, however, think that both aggregate use up and aggregate supply shocks are capable of causing recessions. Question 8 Growth that is too rapid most likely refers to a situation in which the aggregate choose curve has shifted to the right and, in the short run, intersects the SRAS curve at a aim of output thats greater than the full-employment level of output.This situation is associated with fanfare because, in the long run, prices will rise, shifting the SRAS curve up to intersect with the LRAS and AD curves. The shock that is implicitly assumed to be hitting the economy is an aggregate quest shock, since thats the only shock that increases output in the short run and pretension in the long run. Question 10 The temporary increase in government purchases causes an income effect that increases workers labor supply. This results in an increase in the full-employment level of output from FEI to FE2 in get word 10. 10.The increase in gover nment urchases also shifts the IS curve up and to the right from ISI to IS2, as it reduces national saving. Assuming that the shift up of the IS curve is so large that it intersects the LM curve to the right of the FE line, the price level must rise to get back to equilibrium at full employment, by shifting the LM curve up and to the left from LMI to LM2. The result is an increase in output and the real interest rate. figure 10. 11 shows the impact on the labor market. Labor supply shifts from NSI to NS2, leading to a decline in the real wage and a rise in employment.Average labor productivity declines, since employment rises while capita ixed. Investmentdeclines, since the real interest rate rises. To summarize, in result to a temporary increase in government purchases, output, the real interest rate, the price level, and employment rise, while average labor productivity and investment decline. (a) The strain cycle accompaniment is that employment is procyclical. The model is co nsistent with this fact, since employment rises when government purchases rise, causing output to rise. (b) The business cycle fact is that the real wage is mildly procyclical.The model is inconsistent with this fact, since it shows a decline in the real wage when government purchases rise and c) The business cycle fact is that average labor productivity is output rises. procyclical. The model is inconsistent with this fact, since it shows a decline in average labor productivity when government purchases rise and output rises. (d) The business cycle fact is that investment is procyclical. The model is not consistent with this fact, as investment falls when government purchases rise and output rises. (e) The business cycle fact is that the price level is procyclical.The model is consistent with this fact, as the price level rises when government purchases increase and output increases. Question 6 and 7 (a) An increase in government purchases reduces national saving, causing the real interest rate to rise for a fixed level of income. If the real interest rate is higher, then real bullion demand will be lower. The price level must rise. The result is that output is unchanged, the real interest rate increases, and the price level increases. 6 (b) 7aWhen expected inflation falls, real money demand increases.There is no effect on employment, saving or investment, so output and the real interest rate remain unchanged. With higher real money demand and an unchanged nominal money supply, the equilibrium price level must decline. b) When labor supply rises, full- employment output increases. higher(prenominal) output means higher income, so saving will increase. More saving means the real interest rate will decline. Both higher output and a lower real interest rate increase real money demand. Higher money demand with a constant money supply means the price level must decline. 17 c When the interest rate paid on money increases, real money demand rises. That is because the cost of holding money falls. With no effect on employment or saving and investment, output and the real interest rate remain unchanged. With higher real money demand and an unchanged nominal money supply, the quilibrium price level must decline. Question 11 and 12 In Figures 11 . 17-11. 20, distributor point A is the beginning point, point B shows the short-run equilibrium after the change, and point C shows the long-run equilibrium after the change. (a) In Figure 11. 7, when banks abide a higher interest rate on checking accounts, the demand for money rises, shifting the LM curve up and to the left from LMI to LM2 in Figure 11 . 17(a). As a result, the AD curve shifts down and to the 2 in Figure ) The new snort-run equilibrium occurs at point B, where output is lower, the real interest rate is higher, employment is lower, and the price level is unchanged. In the long run, the price level decreases to shift the LM curve from LM2 to LM3, which is the same as LMI, to restore e quilibrium at point C. As a result, the short-run aggregate supply curve shifts down from SRASI to SRAS2.At the new equilibrium, compared to the starting point, output is the same, the real interest rate is the same, employment is the same, and the price level is lower. Figure 11. 17 (b) In Figure 11. 18, the introduction of credit cards reduces the demand for moneyshifting the LM curve down and to the right from LMI to LM2 in Figure 11 . 18(a). As a result, the AD curve shifts from ADI to AD2 in Figure 11. 8(b). The new short-run equilibrium occurs at point B, where output is higher, the real interest rate is lower, employment is higher, and the price level is unchanged.In the long run, the price level increases to shift the LM curve from LM2 to LM3, which is the same as LMI, to restore equilibrium at point C. As a result, the short-run aggregate supply curve shifts up from SRASI to SRAS2. At the new equilibrium, compared to the starting point, output is the same, the real interest rate is the same, employment is the same, and the price level is higher. Figure 11. 18 (c) In Figure 11. 9, the reduction in agricultural output shifts the FE curve to the left from FEI to FE2, and shifts the LRAS line from LRASI to LRAS2.The rise in agricultural prices increases the price level, so the short-run aggregate supply curve shifts up from SRASI to SRAS2. Also, the rise in the price level shifts the LM curve up and to the left from LMI to LM2. The short-run equilibrium is at point B, assuming that the LM curve shifts so much that it intersects the IS curve to the left of the FE line. At point B, compared to the starting point, output is lower, the real interest rate is higher, employment is lower, and the price level is higher. Figure 11. 19 If the water shortage persists, a new long-run equilibrium occurs at point C.To get to this equilibrium, the price level must decline, shifting the LM curve from LM2 to LM3, and the short-run aggregate supply curve from SRAS2 to SRAS 3. Relative to point B, the new equilibrium has a higher output level, a lower real interest rate, higher employment, and a lower price level. (Relative to the initial equilibrium at point A, output and employment are lower, and the real interest rate and the price level are higher.

History of Barter System

Barter establishment Barter system is an age-old method that was adopted by people to switch their work and goods. This system was used for centuries, before the invention of money. People used to exchange the goods or services for other goods or services in return. Nowadays, barter services has staged a comeback with the advent of more sophisticated techniques that aid traffic through with(predicate) the Internet. During ancient times, barter system was a local phenomenon, which involved people in the same locality. However, today barter system has become global.You keep now negotiate with the opposite party, regarding the abide by of the item you want to barter and vice versa. The advantage of bartering is that it does not involve money. You can buy an item in exchange for some other matter you current . The barter system was one of the earliest forms of trading. History of barter system It facilitated exchange of goods and services, as money was not invented in those times . The history of bartering can be traced back to 6000 BC. It is believed that barter system was introduced by the tribes of Mesopotamia.This system was then adopted by the Phoenicians, who bartered their goods to people in other cities located crosswise the oceans. An modify system of bartering was developed in Babylonia too. People used to exchange their goods for weapons, tea, spices, and food items. Sometimes, even human skulls were used for barter. Another popular item used for exchange was salt. Salt was so valuable at that time, that the salary of Roman soldiers was paid in salt. The main drawback of this system was that there was no standard criteria to determine the abide by of goods and services, and this resulted in disputes and clashes.These problems were sorted out with the invention of money, but the barter system continued to exist in some form or another. The Europeans started traveling across the globe during the Middle Ages and used barter services to trade their goods like furs and crafts to the East, in exchange of perfumes and silks. People of colonial America did not have decorous money for business, which was mainly based on barter services. Most of their business consisted of wheat, skins of male deer (bucks), musket balls, etc. They were also experts in exchanging services.If members of one family agreed to aid their neighbors in harvesting their crops, the latter would help the former in their task, like roofing their building. The history of barter system can also be link to the initial years of Oxford and Harvard Universities, where students used to pay their fees as food items, firewood or livestock. Barter services became popular during the Great Depression in the 1930s, which witnessed a scarceness of money. The barter system was used as a way of obtaining things like food and other services.The trading was done between people or through groups, who acted as agents and facilitated third party bartering. These groups were lik e banks, where people maintained their report cards. In case of sale of any of the items, the account of the owner would be credited and the account of the buyer would be debited. It is worth mentioning that Adolf Hitler also used barter system to collect money for funding the war. He was engaged in barter trading with Greece, Sweden and Russia. Post World War II, the people of Germany too resorted to bartering, as the German currency had lost its value.Barter system has been in use throughout the knowledge base for centuries. The invention of money did not result in the end of bartering services. Sometimes, monetary crises fueled the revival of the barter system, and the current recession has once again identify a stage for its comeback. Even though money is there for trading and for business, barter system still exists and has become more strong and organized. ly have, but dont want. This pillowcase of trading can be done through swap markets and online auctions.

Systems Life Cycle

dusts Development Life Cycles (SDLC) is just one model that follows the development knead of analysis, design, development, and maintenance of information systems. There ar many different manners and techniques used to direct the life wheel of a software development project. Each is designed for a particular(prenominal) purpose or priming coat and most have similar goals and share many common traits.Kal Toth describes typical activities performed as including the following System conceptualization, System requirements and benefits analysis, Project adoption and project scoping, System design, Specification of software requirements, Architectural design, Detailed design, unit of measurement development, software package integration & testing, System integration & testing, Installation at site, Site testing and acceptance, Training and documentation, Implementation, bread and butter (Kal Toth, 1997) One model that sticks to this main frame of system development is Ad-hoc Deve lopment.Ad hoc analysis may be used to create a report that does not currently exist or may go deeper into a static report to get details about accounts, transactions, or records. Ad hoc testing is do as a precautionary measure to ensure that there are no gaps left in a developed system before releasing it to the consumer. The drawbacks of using Ad hoc is the lack of data for poetic rhythm analysis, lack of comfort on coverage of Ad hoc testing and that the exact steps taken are difficult to record.Another model is the Waterfall method, also called the linear sequential method. This specific model is prosperous to understand and supports the define before design and design before code logic. The advantages of a Waterfall method is that output is generated after each stage, therefore it has high visibility. The client and project manager gets a retrieve that there is considerable progress. This methodology is significantly better than the haphazard approach to develop software.It provides a template into which methods of analysis, design, coding, testing and maintenance can be placed and allows project management to determine and place deadlines for specific milestones and phases. The drawbacks of the waterfall method are that it is difficult to define all the problems that could be found at the tooth root of a project which can therefore lead up to an unrealistic expectation of a terminal product. While early all system development efforts engage in some combination of the supra tasks, they can be differentiated by the feedback and control methods employed during development and the timing of activities. It is important to pipeline that in any projects psychological factors also play an important role as the development of a system is being achieved. Though there are several methods to produce the proper system for a consumer, it is important to remember that not all consumer needs will be met with the same method.Reference Kal Toth. (1997). Software E ngineering Best Practices. Retrieved from http//www.intellitech.net Rainer, R. K. & Cegielski, C. G. (2011). Introduction to information systems Supporting and transforming business (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. University of Alabama. (1998). A espouse of System Development Process Models. Retrieved from http//www.ctg.albany.edu/publications/reports/survey_of_sysdev/survey_of_sysdev.pdf

Explore the behavioral and humanistic theory Essay

INTRODUCTIONThis project, ferocity is on the behavioural opening and gentleitarian supposition. My research constructed chiefly on devil airal theorists Burrhus Fredric Sk knowledgeable and John Broadus Watson and two graciousistic theorists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. In behavioral theory, the founder of psychological behaviorism, John Watson recollectd that indwelling thinking movement could non be observed therefore, psychologists should not sharpen on it. An Ameri buttocks psychologist, Burrhus Fredric Skinner social philosopher behaviorist, inventor, and author, genuine the theory of Operant learn cogitated we learn new behavior through traditional or operant conditioning and al superstar behavior is learnt from the environment. unrivalled of the early pi integrityers of graciousitarian psychology was Abraham Maslow he established the hierarchy levels of inescapably and believed that by achieving the designers in the correct order would allow psy cheistics to find ego- symboliseualized.However, Carl Rogers a psychologist and father of nodecentered theory matte that in addition to Maslows hierarchical ex toys, in order for soulfulness to achieve self- realization they need to be in a positive environment. Which would provide them with, approval, under indorseing and au pastticity, and if one were divest of such nourishment in an environment, wellnessy psychealities and births would be unable to blossom.hu musical composition-centred possibilityEmphasis of the humanitarian post is on the self, which interprets into you, and your opinion of your have intercourses. This assessment claims that you atomic number 18 permitted to select your own performance, sooner than responding to environmental stimuli and reinforcers. such as matters viewing with self-esteem, self-fulfilment, and ineluctably ar vital, the chief focus is to enable somebodyal letment. There atomic number 18 two major theorists associated with this view Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Carl Rogers feels that each private functions from an exceptional frame of reference in harm of building self- forecast or his or her self-concept. As we jazz, self-concept is ones own belief nigh ones self. Such beliefs hold, in part, from the information of lordly positive affection which occurs when individuals, (especially p arnts), exhibit two-dimensional love, andconditional positive affection happens when that love appears merely when legitimate conditions argon met.Rogerss theory states that psychologically healthy lot enjoy life to the fullest hence, they are bewitchn as fully functioning individuals. Carl believed that, along with Maslows hierarchical needs a gentle, respectable, and truthful environment has a big part to play in developing a somebody, and without such commodities in the environment healthy someonealities and congenerships would not be able to grow. Nevertheless, Abraham Maslow developed his th eory not by studying mentally sick(p) patients, (which is where much psychological subsistledge derived from), plainly by studying healthy, productive, creative individuals lives and careers. Maslow felt that individuals induce definite needs that must be met in a hierarchical fashion, from the lowest to highest.These comprise f introductory needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, doing needs, and ultimately, self-actualization, according to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, the needs must be achieve in order. For congresswoman, one would be incapable of seeing their safety needs if their physiological needs are not met. This theory founded upon the knowledge that e actuallyone has the likely to contribute to the social order and be a respectable person if his or her needs are attained.Psych otherapy humane psychology introduced in the 1950s as a movement to bring psychology to an understanding of what it way of life to be a person. The theory took psychology beyond uncon scious thoughts, beliefs or behavioral responses to stimuli, to a process of understanding free bequeath, feelings, ethics and relationships with others. Humanistic psychotherapy was initially promoted as a third force in psychotherapy. Humanistic theory seems to provide both the healer and leaf node the luck to focus on what the knob is doing right, as well as the challenges that he or she whitethorn face. minded(p) the emphasis on emotional genuineness, human-centered psycho healers place a great deal of brilliance on the healer lymph node relationship.One could argue that humanistic theory ratnot be taken seriously beca physical exercise it is jailed on blending the medical and scientific along with philosophy and subjectivity. Yet, if the APA affirms that, the theorys focus is on peoples capacity to make rational choices and develop to their maximum potential (APA.org), itis difficult to notice if the critics of the theory have a valid case. Nevrtheless, added method ologies in e genuinely case identify the signifi green goddessce on the healer guest relationship, viewing the relationship mainly as a kernel of providing the treatment. In humanistic therapy, the relationship is the treatment.The study Concepts of Humanistic TheoryHumanism came about as a reaction to the theories of psychoanalysis and behaviourism. Humanists felt that pore on unconscious thoughts in psychoanalysis ignored the thoughts humans were having and the causes they caused. Unlike behaviourists, humanists felt humans have to a greater extent control over their responses than to simply be a puppet to conditioning. These new thinkers focused on what it was to be human and the entire spectrum of human feeling.Qualitative Research and Idiographic ApproachThe humanists believed that statistics and numbers told in truth little about the human beat and were, therefore, irrelevant as research. The only thing that mattered was so-called qualitative research, such as case stu dies, unstructured interviews and diary accounts. This also outlines an idiographic improvement, or studying individuals. merely by experiencing what it means to be human can the researcher truly understand what a person is going through. Humanists believed in studying individuals in-depth to understand the human condition. The Self and congruityHumanists believed that the ultimate aim of human beings was to achieve a state of congruence. This is when the actual self is the same as the musical themel self. They believed in the incessant pursuit of self-knowledge and self-improvement to achieve this state. All people are thought to have inherent deserving merely by being human. A persons actions may be positive or negative, but that does not affect his deserving. HolismThe person in humanism is studied as a whole. She is not looked at in separate parts but is looked at as an entire unit. The theories that came in front the humanists focused on the unconscious mind or obser vable behaviorrather than on how a person thinks and feels. This theory was groundbreaking for focusing on what it means to be human rather than the scientific, research laboratory data that other theories produced. Hierarchy of NeedsAbraham Maslow was one of the pioneers of the humanist movement. He developed a way of needs that people must meet in order to achieve self-actualization or congruence. It starts off with the need for physical things, such as air, food and water. The pyramid moves on to the need for safety, love and belonging, self-esteem and and so knowledge. It ends with the pursuit of aesthetics and then self-actualization. This is where a person achieves his entire potential. This is a point not umteen people ever reach.Free WillPeople who believe in free result believe that humans have the ability to choose how to live their lives free of any external forces making them chose. Humanists believe that all people have this ability and can exercise it at any time. Instead of accept that things such as behavioral conditioning or animalistic drives determine our choices, humanists believe that we naturally privation to choose the positive path and give do so freelyTheoretical Concepts Underlying Humanistic TheoryThe motivation for the development of humanism was a reaction against the idea of the human as a machine, towards a holistic and inherently optimistic view of people. The humanistic or third force perspective is based on the belief that the sources of personal distress lie in the conscious mind and essence from get word (George Boeree 1998b). Maslow developed a theory of personal motivation based on the idea of a hierarchy of needs (Noel Sheehy 2004 p163, George Boeree 1998a). At the overtake of this hierarchy Maslow believed was the possibility of self-actualisation, but he saw it as a rare achievement reached by only a very few people, since in his theory all lower-level needs had to be met before self-actualisation could take place.Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsRogers also believed in self-actualisation, but in contrast to Maslow, believed that it was a motivating force in all humans he saw babies as the outmatch examples of self-actualisation. This led to the core concept in humanistic theory the Actualising movement (Steve Vincent 1999). This is the tendency to thrive that is built-in to human beings. This tendency also implies that people are inherently goodly and healthy this is a given. The emphasis then in humanistic therapies is on the potentiality model of human development rather than the deficiency model of other therapies (Dave Mearns et al. 2000 p33). Rogers proposed that distress is a result of incongruence in the individual (George Boeree 1998b, Brian Thorne 2003 p31).The greater the incongruence, the greater the distress. Incongruity is the difference between the Real Self, which is the you that you can become as a result of self-actualisation, and the Ideal Self, which is the you created by external pressures such as society, family. Thus incongruence is like the tension in an elastic band attaching the two selves the greater the separation the greater the tension. A person has a basic need for despotic Regard. However, in society this is made conditional there are social attitudes that judge you are only worthy if you conform. These Conditions of Worth combine with the in-built need for positive regard to create qualified Positive Regard and this shapes the Ideal Self as something other than the Real Self conditions of worth commove the exemplification self away from the in truth self and generate incongruence. In time this force becomes familiarised as Conditional Positive Self-Regard so the person generates their own incongruence.The aim of therapy is to achieve Congruence the pip where Real Self and Ideal Self match or at least decrease incongruence and therefore distress (Carl R. Rogers 1961 p279). This is achieved by building an unconditional sense of se lf-worth which then gets internalised as Unconditional Positive Self-Regard. In the remediation relationship, pleader and node form a personal relationship rather than a power-based overlord one and it is the quality of this relationship that is key to success. It is Rogers claim that there are just three spirit Conditions which a therapist must achieve for therapy to be effective (Carl R. Rogers et al. 1967 p89). The first is that the counsellor must be Congruent that is, without a front or professional mask in the therapeutic relationship and that the counsellor must share this congruence with the client. Secondly, the counsellor must be Empathic towards the client, that is they experience the clients internal humankind and can share this with theclient, but without losing the separation between the counsellors gentleman and the clients. Finally, the counsellors view of the client must be one of Unconditional Positive Regard, one of accepting and prizing the client as a who le, without reservations or judgements.There are other forms of humanistic therapy than the Rogerian person-centred coming. Probably the best known is Gestalt therapy, founded by Fritz Perls (Gary Yontef 1993, Frederick S. Perls 1957). This has much in common with Rogers theories in that it focuses on process rather than content, in which counsellor and client share their perception, with the intention of allowing the client to become aware of their internal process, how they are doing it and how they can change it. There is a strong emphasis on acceptance and self-valuing. One facial expression of Gestalt theory that is not present in Rogerian theory is the idea of Unfinished Situations. The idea is that a persons natural state is one of homeostasis. However, whenever something, such as an upsetting situation, happens to the person, that disturbs the balance. The normal issue is that the person responds in such a way as to restore the balance or a different balance that accommod ates a change. However, if the natural response is interrupted, for example by social pressures not to respond, the person stays out of balance. This is an unfinished situation and Gestalt therapy aims to finish this situation and restore balance again.Critically escort the Humanistic TheoryThe humanistic theory has profoundly affected our society. It provided much of the impetus for a huge social movement of the 1960s and 1970s in which many people searched inward to find caution and meaning to their lives. It renewed the age-old debate about free will and determinism and focused attention on the need to understand the subjective or conscious experiences of individuals (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999). Rogerss method of therapy, client-centered therapy, remains highly influential. And maybe most important of all, humanistic theorists helped restore to psychology the concept of self that center of our conscious experience of being in the world. Yet the very strength of the humanistic v iewpoint, its focus on conscious experience, is also its greatest weakness when approached as a scientific endeavor. Ultimately your conscious experience is known or knowable only to an audience of one you. Yet how can humanisticpsychologists ever be certain that they are measuring with any precision the bearstage, subjective experience of another person? Humanistic psychologists major power answer that we should do our best to study conscious experience scientifically, for to do less is to ignore the very subject matter human experience we endeavor to know.Indeed, they have been joined by cognitive psychologists in developing methods to study conscious experience, including rating scales and thought diaries that allow people to make public their private experiences to report their thoughts, feelings, and attitudes in systematic ways that can be measured reliably. Though verbal or written statements of private experiences are a step removed from consciousness itself, they provide a means that scientists can use to study peoples subjective experiences. Critics also contend that the humanistic approachs emphasis on self fulfillment may lead some people to become self-indulgent and so absorbed with themselves that they develop a lack of concern for others. Even the concept of self-actualization poses challenges. For one thing, humanistic psychologists consider self-actualization to be a drive that motivates behavior toward higher purposes. Yet how do we know that this drive exists? If self-actualization means different things to different people one person may become self-actualized by pursuing an interest in botany, another by becoming a skilled artisan how can we ever measure self-actualization in a standardized way? To this, humanistic psychologists might respond that because people are unique, we should not expect to apply the same standard to different people.Humanistic Theory profit to Nursing PracticeNurses provide individual care recognizing the holis tic needs of the patient. Nurses seek to understand the health needs of the people they sketch with but also to change their behaviours, thoughts and feelings to enhance the well-being of the person, not only at present moment but also for the future. At times nurses need to provide very basic care for the people they work with but they are always looking to develop the persons ability to be more independent in any area of their life. Nurses can use psychological research and theories to enhance their nursing practice, and most nursing practice has a foundation in psychology, sociology or biology. Nursing nowhas developed its own unique body of knowledge but other sciences can still enhance nurses understanding and practice.Applying Theories to Healthcare Practice allows growth in a positive way for both the client and the nurse. Spontaneity, the importance of emotions and feelings, the right of individuals to make their own choices, and human creativity are the arses of a humani stic approach to nurture (Rogers, 1994 Snowman & Biehler, 2006). The major contribution that Rogers added to nursing practice is the understandings that each client is a unique individual, so, person-centered approach is practice in nursing. Humanistic theory is especially compatible with nursings focus on caring and patient centeredness an druthers that is increasingly challenged by the emphasis in medicine and health care on science, technology, cost efficiency, for profit medicine, bureaucratic organization, and time pressures. Like the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic perspective is largely a motivational theory. From a humanistic perspective, motivation is derived from each persons needs, subjective feelings about the self, and the desire to grow.A positive self-concept, and open situations in which people respect identity element and promote freedom of choice. Maslow (1954, 1987), best known for identifying the hierarchy of needs which he says plays an important role in human motivation and nursing care. At the bottom of the hierarchy are physiological needs (food, warmth, sleep) then come safety needs then the need for belonging and love followed by self-esteem. At the top of the hierarchy are self-actualization needs (maximizing ones potential). Additional considerations include cognitive needs (to know and understand) and, for some individuals, aesthetic needs (the desire for beauty). An assumption is that basic-level needs must be met before individuals can be concerned with learning and self actualizing. Thus, clients who are hungry, tired, and in pain will be prompt to get these biological needs met before being interested in learning about their medications, rules for self care, and health education. Besides personal needs, humanists contend that self-concept and self-esteem are necessary considerations in any situation.The therapist Carl Rogers (1961, 1994) argued that what people want is unconditional positive self regard (the feeling of being loved without arrange attached). It is innate that those in positions of authorityconvey a fundamental respect for the people with whom they work. If a health professional is prejudiced against patients, then little will be healing or therapeutic in her relationship with them until she is genuinely able to feel respect for the patient as an individual. Rather than acting as an authority, say humanists, the role of any educator or leader is to be a facilitator (Rogers, 1994). Listening rather than talking is the skill needed. Because the uniqueness of the individual is fundamental to the humanistic perspective much of the learning experience requires a direct relationship.Safe clinical environments, where humanistic principles can be taught through caring, role modeling, secondary group discussion, case discussions, attention to self-awareness and feelings, role playing. Humanistic psychology contends that feeling. Humanistic principles have been a cornerstone of self-help groups, wellness programs, and lenitive care. Humanistic theory has also been found to be well suited to workings with children and young patients undergoing separation anxiety due to unsoundness, surgery, and recovery (Holyoake,1998) and for working in the areas of mental health and palliative care (Barnard, Hollingum, & Hartfiel, 2006). Similar to psychodynamic theory, a principal emphasis is on the healing nature of the therapeutic relationship (Pearson, 2006) and the need for nursing students and health professionals to grow emotionally from their healthcare experiences (Block & Billings, 1998).Principles Derived From Humanistic Theory t o Improve Assess and Plan Care for Mentally Ill Client.Sometimes people understand psychosis or schizophrenia to be unrelenting, even with the intervention of psychotherapy. It is contended herein that therapy, and humanistic therapy in particular, can be face-saving to the psychotic individual, but, perhaps, the therapist may have difficult y understanding how this approach can be utilize to the problems of psychosis. Although it is a prevalent opinion in our society that schizophrenics are not responsive to psychotherapy, it is asserted herein that any therapist can relate in a psychotic individual, and, if therapy is unsuccessful, thisfailure may stem from the therapists qualities instead of those of the psychotic individual. Carl Rogers created a theory and therapy indicated by the ground umanistic theory and person-centered therapy. This theoretical perspective postulates many important ideas, and several of these ideas are pertinent to this discussion. The first of these is the idea of conditions of worth, and the idea of the actualizing tendency. Rogers asserts that our society applies to us conditions of worth.This means that we must perform in certain ways in order to receive rewards, and receipt of these rewards imply that we are worthy if we behave in ways that are acceptable. As an example, in our society , we are rewarded with money when we do work that is represented by employment. In damage of the life of a schizophrenic, these conditions of worth are that from which stigmatization proceeds. The psychotic individuals in our society, without intentionality, do not behave in ways that produce rewards. maybe some people believe that schizophrenics are parasites in relation to our society. This estimation of the worth of these individuals serves only to compound their suffering. The mentally ill and psychotic individuals, in particular, are innocent in social, personal and financial spheres. Carl Rogers disapproved of conditions of worth, and, in fact, he believed that human beings and other organisms strive to fulfill their potential. This striving represents what Rogers termed the actualizing tendency and the force of life. This growth enhancing aspect of life motivates all life forms to develop fully their own potential. Rogers believed that mental illness reflects distortions of the actualizing tendency, based upon faulty conditions of worth. It is clear that psychotic people deal with negatively skewed conditions of worth. It is an evident reality that the mentally ill could more successfully exist in the world if stigmas were not applied to them.The mentally ill engage in self-denigration and self-laceration that culminate in the dying of selfhood. This psychological violence toward the mentally ill is supported by non-mentally ill others. The type of self-abuse by psychotic individuals would certainly abate if the normative dismissal of the mentally ill as worthless is not perpetuated. In spite of a prevalent view that psychotic individuals are unsuccessful in the context of psychotherapy, Rogers theory and therapy of compassion cannot be assumed to be unhelpful to the mentally ill. The key atoms of Rogers approach topsychotherapy include unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy and genuineness. Unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy and genuineness are considered to be qualities of the therapist enacted in relation to the client in impairment of humanistic therapy.These qualities are essential to the process of humanistic therapy. In terms of these qualities, unconditional positive regard is a view of a person or client that is accepting and warm, no matter what that person in therapy reveals in terms of his or her emotional problems or experiences. This means that an individual in the context of humanistic psychotherapy, or in therapy with a humanistic psychologist or therapist, should expect the therapist to be accepting of whatever that individual reveals to the therapist. In this context, the therapist will be accepting and understanding regardless of what one tells the therapist. Accurate empathy is represented as understanding a client from that persons own perspective. This means that the humanistic psychologist or therapist will be able to perceive you as you perceive yourself, and that he will feel m unificence for you on the basis of the knowledge of your reality. He will know you in terms of knowing your thoughts and feelings toward yourself, and he will feel empathy and compassion for you based on that fact. . As another quality enacted by the humanistic therapist, genuineness is truthfulness in ones presentation toward the client it is integrity or a self-representation that is real. To be genuine with a client reflects qualities in a therapist that entail more than simply being a therapist. It has to do with being an authentic person with ones client. Carl Rogers believed that, as a therapist, one could be authentic and deliberate simultaneously.This means that the therapist can be a real person, even while he is by choice saying and doing what is required to help you. The finishing of therapy from the humanistic orientation is to allow the client to achieve congruence in term of his real self and his ideal self. This means that what a person is and what he wants to be sh ould become the same as therapy progresses. Self-esteem that is achieved in therapy will allow the client to elevate his sense of what he is, and self-esteem will also lessen his need to be better than what he is. Essentially, as the real self is more accepted by the client, and his elevated self-esteem will allow him to be less than some kind of ideal self that he feels he is compelled to be. It is the qualities of unconditional positiveregard, accurate empathy and genuineness in the humanistic therapist that allow the therapist to assist the client in cultivating congruence between the real self and the ideal self from that clients perspective. What the schizophrenic experiences can be confusing. It is clear that most therapists, psychiatrists and clinicians cannot understand the perspectives of the chronically mentally ill. Perhaps if they could understand what it is to feel oneself to be in a solitary prison of ones scratch and a visceral isolation within ones mind, with hallu cinations clamoring, then the clinicians who treat mental illness would be able to better empathize with the mentally ill. The problem with clinicians empathy for the mentally ill is that the views of mentally ill people are remote and unthinkable to them.Perhaps the solitariness within the minds of schizophrenics is the most painful aspect of being schizophrenics, even while auditory hallucinations can form what seems to be a mental populace. base upon standards that make them feel inadequate, the mentally ill respond to stigma by internalizing it. If the mentally ill person can achieve the goal of congruence between the real self and the ideal self, their expectations regarding who they should be may be reconciled with an acceptance of who they are. As they lower their high standards regarding who they should be, their acceptance of their real selves may follow naturally. Carl Rogers said, As I accept myself as I am, only then can I change. In humanistic therapy, the therapist ca n help even a schizophrenic accept who they are by reflecting acceptance of the psychotic individual. This may culminate in curativeness, although perhaps not a arrest cure. However, when the schizophrenic becomes more able to accept who they are, they can then change. Social acceptance is crucial for cope with schizophrenia, and social acceptance leads to self-acceptance by the schizophrenic.The accepting therapist can be a key component in reducing the negative consequences of stigma as it has affected the mental ill patient client. This, then, relates to conditions of worth and the actualizing tendency. Conditions of worth affect the mentally ill more severely than other people. Simple acceptance and empathy by a clinician may be curative to some extent, even for the chronically mentally ill. If the schizophrenic individual is released from conditions of worth that are entailed by stigmatization, then perhaps the actualizing tendency would assert itself in them in a positive wa y, lacking distortion.In the tradition of person-centered therapy, the client is allowed to lead the conversation or the dialogue of the therapy sessions. This is ideal for the psychotic individual, provided he believes he is being heard by his therapist. Clearly, the therapists mind will have to stretch as they seek to understand the clients subjective perspective. In terms of humanistic therapy, this theory would seem to apply to all individuals, as it is based upon the psychology of all human beings, each uniquely able to benefit from this approach by through the growth potential that is inherent in them. In terms of the amelioration of psychosis by means of this therapy, Rogers offers hope.Behavioral Treatment Modalities that Evolved from Humanistic TheoryTreatment modalities can be simply defined as methods of treatment. These are ways in which a doctor or an allied health professional would go about treating a condition. The major behavioral treatments in Humanistic Theory are Client-Centered TherapyCarl Rogers and his client-centered therapy provide a clear example of the humanistic focus on the therapeutic relationship. Rogers wrote extensively about the process of fostering a warm and genuine relationship between therapist and client. He particularly noted the importance of empathy, or emotional understanding. Empathy involves putting yourself in someone elses shoes and conveying your understanding of that persons feelings and perspectives. The client-centered therapist does not act as an expert who knows more about the client than the client knows about himself or herself. Rather, the therapeutic goal is to share honestly in another humans experience. Rogers encourage self-disclosure on the part of the therapist, intentionally revealing aspects of the therapists own, similar feelings and experiences as a way of helping the client.Rogers also felt that client-centered therapists must be able to demonstrate unconditional positive regard for their clien ts. Unconditional positive regard involves valuing clients for who they are and refraining from judging them. Because of this basic respect for the clients humanity, client-centered therapistsavoid directing the therapeutic process. check to Rogers, if clients are successful in experiencing and accepting themselves, they will achieve their own resolution to their difficulties. Thus client-centered therapy is nondirective.Gestalt therapyGestalt therapy is a humanistic form of treatment developed by Perls. Perls viewed life as a series of figure-ground relationships. For example a picture is hanging on a wall. The picture is a figure and the wall is the back ground. For a healthy person current needs can be perceived clearly in that persons life, just as figure can be perceived against a unmistakable ground (background).when current needs are satisfied, they fade into the ground and are replaced by new needs, which stand out in their turn and are equally recognizable.Perls believed that mental disorders represent disruptions in these figure-ground relationships. People who are unaware of their needs or unwilling to accept or express them are avoiding their real inner selves. They lack self awareness and self acceptance, they fear judgment of others. The technique of role playing that is to act out various roles assigned by the therapist.Therapies Identified in Humanistic Theory and their Therapeutic Benefits to the Client.The Benefits of Humanistic TherapyApplying Theories to Healthcare Practice allows growth in a positive way for both the client and the nurse. Spontaneity, the importance of emotions and feelings, the right of individuals to make their own choices, and human creativity are the cornerstones of a humanistic approach to learning (Rogers, 1994 Snowman & Biehler, 2006). During humanistic therapy sessions, patients are treated in a manner that emphasizes their innate goodness and potential. The humanistic therapist is encouraged to act in a manner c onsistent with the themes of unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness, and congruence. In an phrase on the website of the Association for Humanistic Psychology, humanistic psychologist Stan Charnofsky described the benefits of humanistic therapy in this mannerHumanistic therapy hasa crucial opportunity to lead our troubled culture back to its own healthy path. More than any other therapy, Humanistic-Existential therapy models democracy. It imposes upon the client least of all. Freedom to choose is maximized. We validate our clients human potential.Carl Rogers proposed that therapy could be simpler, warmer and more optimistic than that carried out by behavioral or psychodynamic psychologists. According to Carl Rogers he suggested that clients would be better helped if they were encouraged to focus on their current subjective understanding rather than on some unconscious motive or someone elses interpretation of the situation. Rogers strongly believed that in order for a c lients condition to improve therapists should be warm, genuine and understanding. The starting point of the Rogerian approach to counseling and psychotherapy is best stated by Rogers (1986) himself. It is that the individual has within himself or herself vast resources for self-understanding, for altering his or her self-concept, attitudes and self-directed behavior and that these resources can be tapped if only a definable climate of facilitative psychological attitudes can be provided. Rogers rejected the deterministic nature of both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. As no one else can know how we perceive, we are the best experts on ourselves. (Gross, 1992) Believing strongly that theory should come out of practice, Rogers developed his theory based on his work with emotionally troubled people and claimed that we have a remarkable capacity for self-healing and personal growth booster cable towards self-actualization.He placed emphasis on the persons current perception and how we live in the here-and-now. Theory is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself. It consists of all the ideas and values that characterize I and me and includes perception and valuing of what I am and what I can do. Consequently, the self concept is a central component of our total experience and influences both our perception of the world and perception of oneself. For instance, a woman who perceives herself as strong may well behave with confidence and come to see her actions as actions performed by someone who is confident.The self-conceptdoes not necessarily always fit with reality, though, and the way we see ourselves may differ greatly from how others see us. For example, a person might be very interesting to others and notwithstanding consider himself to be boring. He judges and rates this image he has of himse lf as a bore and this valuing will be reflected in his self-esteem. The confident woman may have a high self-esteem and the man who sees himself as a bore may have a low self-esteem, presuming that strength/confidence are highly valued and that being boring is not. Person Centered TherapyPersonal Centered Therapy or client centered therapy.The Rogerian client-centered approach puts emphasis on the person coming to form an appropriate understanding of their world and themselves. A person enters person centered therapy in a state of incongruence. It is the role of the therapists to reverse this situation. Rogers (1959) called his therapeutic approach client-centered or person-centered therapy because of the focus on the persons subjective view of the world. Rogers regarded every one as a potentially competent individual who could benefit greatly from his form of therapy. The purpose of Rogers humanistic therapy is to increase a persons feelings of self-worth, reduce the level of incon gruence between the ideal and actual self, and help a person become more of a fully functioning person. Client-centered therapy operates according to three basic principles that reflect the attitude of the therapist to the client 1. The therapist is congruent with the client.2. The therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard. 3. The therapist shows empathetic understanding to the client. Congruence in CounselingCongruence is also called genuineness. Congruence is the most important attribute in counseling, according to Rogers. This means that, unlike the psychodynamic therapist who generally maintains a blank screen and reveals little of their own personality in therapy, the Rogerian is keen to allow the client to experience them as they really are. The therapist does not have a faade (like psychoanalysis), that is, the therapists internal and external experiences are one in the same. In short, the therapist is authentic. Unconditional Positive RegardThe follow ing(a) Rogerian core condition is unconditional positive regard. Rogers believed that for people to grow and fulfill their potential it is important that they are valued as themselves. This refers to the therapists deep and genuine caring for the client. The therapist may not approve of some of the clients actions but the therapist does approve of the client. In short, the therapist needs an attitude of Ill accept you as you are. The person-centered counselor is thus careful to always maintain a positive attitude to the client, even when disgusted by the clients actions. Empathy is the ability to understand what the client is feeling. This refers to the therapists ability to understand sensitively and accurately but not sympathetically the clients experience and feelings in the here-and-now. An important part of the task of the person-centered counselor is to follow precisely what the client is feeling and to guide to them that the therapist understands what they are feeling.In the words of Rogers (1975), accurate empathic understanding is as follows If I am truly open to the way life is experienced by another personif I can take his or her world into mine, then I risk seeing life in his or her wayand of being changed myself, and we all resist change. Since we all resist change, we tend to view the other persons world only in our terms, not in his or hers. Then we analyze and evaluate it. We do not understand their world. But, when the therapist does understand how it truly feels to be in another persons world, without wanting or trying to analyze or judge it, then the therapist and the client can truly blossom and grow in that climate.Because the person-centered counselor places so much emphasis on genuineness and on being led by the client, they do not place the same emphasis on boundaries of time and technique as would a psychodynamic therapist. If they judged it appropriate, a person-centered counselor might diverge substantially from orthodox counseling techniques. As Mearns and Thorne (1988) point out, we cannot understand person-centered counseling by its techniques alone. The person-centered counselor has a very positive and optimistic view of human nature. The philosophy that people are essentially good, and that ultimately the individual knows what is right for them, is the essential ingredient of successful person centered therapy as all aboutloving.